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AP Test 4
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Stuff for HACC
96
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/12/2010

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Term
Vena Cava
Definition
One of two large veins that open into the right atrium, returning to the heart all of the deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation except from the coronary circulation.
Term
What is the name of the sac where the heart sits?
Definition
The Pericardial Sac
Term
Preload
Definition
Degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts (venous return & duration of diastole) (her's)
Term
What is then normal Ph of blood?
Definition
7.35-7.45 Any lower is acidosis any higher is alkalosis. These will slow down/depress cardiac activity.
Term
Contractility
Definition
forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricle muscle fibers. (her's)
Term
Afterload
Definition
The pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur. (her's)
Term
What can too much sodium do?
Definition
Can block Ca2+ inflow decreasing force of contraction. (partial cause of hypertension)
Term
Depolarization
Definition
Influx of Na+ into the cell through voltage-gated fast Na+ channels; within milliseconds Na+ channels inactivate and Na+ flow decreases. (her's)
Term
P-wave
Definition
Excitation of the atria, lasts .08 to .10 seconds on ECG.
Term
P-R Interval
Definition
Wave travels through AV node, AV bundles, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, lasts .14 to .20 Seconds on ECG.
Term
QRS Complex
Definition
Excitation of the ventricles, lasts .12 to .16 seconds on ECG.
Term
T wave
Definition
Repolarization of the ventricles, lasts .12 to .16 seconds on ECG.
Term
S-T segment
Definition
Time for complete excitation of ventricles, lasts .08 to .12 seconds on ECG.
Term
Q-T Interval
Definition
Time required for complete excitation of ventricles, lasts .30 to .35 seconds on ECG.
Term
T-P Interlude
Definition
Time from completion of ventricular repolarization to next atrial excitation, lasts .25 to .35 seconds on ECG.
Term
What are the 3 normal blood pressures?
Definition
Systolic 120
Diastolic 80
Pulse Pressure 40

3:2:1 ratio
Term
ANS
Definition
Autonomic Nervous System
Term
The other names for systole and diastole
Definition
Systole- Depolarization

Diastole- Repolarization
Term
Natri-
Definition
Sodium
Term
What are the three main functions of blood?
Definition
Transportation, Regulation, Protection
Term
What are the 5 physical characteristics of blood?
Definition
More viscous than water, 38 degrees C (body is usually 37), pH: 7.35-7.45, 20% of Extracellular fluid, Blood volume: 4-6 liters (8-12 pints)
Term
Alkylosis & Acidosis
Definition
Lower than a 7.35 pH

Higher than a 7.45 pH
Term
2 Liquid Portions of Blood
Definition
Plasma- Liquid part that contains clotting factors.

Serum- Liquid part that does NOT contain clotting factors.
Term
Heparin
Definition
The body's natural anti-coagulant.
Term
The three formed elements of blood
Definition
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes
Term
3 aspects of erythrocytes
Definition
-Biconcave discs, no nucleus
-Contain hemoglobin to carry O2 (heme moity)
-Life span: 120 days
Term
The 2 Types of Leukocytes
Definition
Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
Term
Three types of Granulocytes
Definition
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Term
Three types of Agranulocytes
Definition
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Term
Heme Moity
Definition
The part of hemoglobin that binds to O2 and carries it where it needs to be.
Term
Center in the brain that regulates heart flow
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
Electrolyte that initiations contraction of myocardium
Definition
Na+
Term
Electrolyte that maintains contraction of the myocardium
Definition
Ca+2
Term
Fluid filled sac around the heart
Definition
Epicardium
Term
Amount of blood ejected from the heart each beat
Definition
Stroke Volume
Term
Circulation Through the lungs
Definition
Pulmonic/Pulmonary Circulation
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
To stop bleeding. Three step process, vascular response, cellular response , clotting mechanism.
Term
Vascular Response
Definition
Blood vessels constrict and retract from the cut.
Term
Cellular Response
Definition
Platelets release seretonin which causes vasoconstriction and platelets to stick together.
Term
Clotting Mechanism
Definition
13 clotting factors, which includes Ca2+, come together to form a clot (coagulation).
Term
Prothrombinase
Definition
Forms the active form of prothrombin, which becomes thrombin.
Term
Chyle
Definition
White lymph due to dietary lipids. (from intestines)
Term
Lacteals
Definition
Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine.
Term
Primary Lymphatic Organs
Definition
Sties where stem cells divide (produced) and become Immunocompetent. Includes Red Bone Marrow, Epiphyses of long bones, Thymus
Term
Immunocompetent
Definition
Capable of mounting an immune response.
Term
Secondary Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
Definition
Sites where most immune responses occur. Includes: Lymph nodes, Spleen Lymphatic nodules (follicles) or (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, MALT) tissue since it is noncapsulated.
Term
Agglutination Test
Definition
Solid + Liquid -> Clump
Solid is agglutinogen
Liquid is agglutinin
Term
Platelet
Definition
130-400k per cubic mm
Term
Lymphatic System
vs
Circulatory System
Definition
Lymph system has thinner walls, more valves, one way pathway towards heart, empties into blood.
Term
Emphysema
Definition
Barrel Chested, Thin, called pink puffers, Alveoli are eaten by macrophages in the lungs.
Term
The 5 ABG's in an ABG test.
Definition
pO2, pCO2, pH, O2 Saturation, HCO3
Term
Three Types of COPD
Definition
Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema
Term
Average Total Lung Capacity
Definition
6000ml
Term
Expratory Reserve
Definition
The 700ml that is normal not exhaled during tidal breathing, but is during exercise.
Term
Title Volume
Definition
Average volume of breathing at rest (500 ml)
Term
The lungs sit in what cavity?
Definition
Pleural Cavity Filled With Pleural Fluid
Term
2 Spirometer Types
Definition
Spirometer: 2 types

Incentive- Make them breath/Inhaling/Ventilating

Diagnostic- Exhaling
Term
B-Cell
vs
T-Cell
Definition
Processes and presents antigen to helper T cell
vs
T cell 2 types
1 Helper, 2 Memory- In lymph tissue, recognizes invading antigens, even years after first encounter.
Term
Plasma Cell
Definition
Descendant of B cell that produces and secretes antibodies.
Term
The 2 Types of Immunity and their 2 parts each.
Definition
Active: Natural (get sick), Artificial (vaccine)
Passive: Natural (mother’s milk), Artificial (antisera)
Term
The 5 phases of Phagocytosis
Definition
Chemotaxis, Adherence, Ingestion, Digestion, Killing
Term
Where does lymph begin?
Definition
The lymphatic capillaries
Term
Fibrin
Definition
2 types: Soluble/weak, Insobuble/strong
Term
Formula For Cardiac Output
Definition
SV (stroke volume) x HR (heart rate) (heartbeats per minute)
Term
Natural
vs
Physiological Pacemaker
Definition
SA Node
vs
AV Node
Term
Monometer
Definition
Measures Pressure
Term
2 Semilunar Valves (SL)
Definition
Pulmonic & Aortic
Term
Conduction System Order
Definition
SA node: pacemaker, AV node: physiological pacemaker, Bundle of His (AV bundle), Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Term
Plateau
Definition
Period of maintained depolarization due to opening of voltage-gated slow Ca2+ in sarcolemma. This action is balanced with the outflow of K+ ions through voltage-gated K+ channels. The action of Ca2+ and K+ sustain contraction.
Term
Repolarization
Definition
Outflow of Na+ and K+ restores the negative resting potential. At the same time, calcium channels in SR are closing which contributes to reploarization.
Term
Hormone Effects on HR
Definition
Epinephrin and norepinephrin (from adrenal medulla) increase HR and contractility. Exercise, stress, and excitement stimulate the release of hormones. Thyroid hormones enhance cardiac contractility.
Term
Cation Effect on HR
Definition
Excess Na+ blocks Ca2+ inflow decreasing force of contraction.
Excess K+ blocks generation of action potential.
Moderate increase of Ca2+ speeds HR and strengthens the heartbeat.
Term
Arteries (5)
vs
Veins (5)
Definition
-Carry blood away from the heart

Arterial wall has 3 tunics
-Interna or intima (closest to lumen) endothelium & elastic tissue
-Media – thickest, muscular
-Externa – elastic & collagen fibers

Sympathetic neurons in muscle layer

Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation

2 Types of arteries
Elastic
Muscular

VS

Carry blood to the heart.

Has the same three layers but with different thicknesses. Externa is the thickest and consists of collagen and elastic fibers. Less elasticity than in arteries; cannot withstand high blood pressure

Lumen of a vein is larger than that of an artery

Valves (thin folds of the tunica interna) prevent backflow of bld.

Vascular (venous) sinus – dense connective tissue replaces tunica media and externa.
Term
3 Types of Capillaries
Definition
Continuous: skeletal and smooth muscle, connective tissue & lungs.

Fenestrated: contain small pores. Kidneys, villi of small intestine, choroid plexuses of ventricles in brain and some endocrine glands.

Sinusoids: wider and more winding, unusually large fenestrations. Liver, red bone marrow, spleen, some endocrine glands.
Term
Metarteriole
Definition
Supplies a capillary bed (network of 10-100 capillaries)
Term
Precapillary Sphincters
Definition
Rings of smooth muscle that control the flow of blood through capillary bed.
Term
Autoregulation
Definition
The ability of tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match metabolic demands.
Term
The Three Functions of the Lymphatic System
Definition
Draining excess interstitial fluid

Transporting dietary lipids

Carrying out immune responses
Term
Cyterna Chyli
Definition
Main duct for the return of lymph to blood.
Term
The Five Principle Lymphatic Ducts
Definition
Lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular
Term
Flow of Lymph
Definition
Capillaries → vessels → lymph nodes → trunks -> ducts -> blood
Term
3 Primary Lymphatic Organs
Definition
Red Bone Marrow
Epiphyses of long bones
Thymus
Term
7 Forms of First Line of Defense
Definition
-Epidermis
-Mucous membranes: Mucus, Hairs, Cilia
-Lysozyme: Lacrimal appartus (tears), Saliva
-Urine flow
-Vaginal secretions
-Sebum
-Gastric juice
Term
The 5 Secondary Defenses
Definition
-Internal antimicrobial proteins: Interferons, Complement, Transferrins
-Phagocytes
-Natural killer cells
-Inflammation: Redness, Pain, Heat, Swelling
-Fever
Term
Antigen
vs
Antibody
Definition
Antigen is a substance
vs
Antibody is a protein bound to a cell
Term
The Pathway of Air Through to The Lungs
Definition
Air comes in through the nose and/or mouth, moves through the nasal and/or oral cavity, into the pharynx, then to the larynx, then the trachea, then the bronchi of the lungs, then to bronchioles, where co2 and o2 are exchanged in the alveoli.
Term
Inspiratatory Reserve
Definition
3,100ml that is not inhaled during tidal breathing, but during exercise.
Term
Tidal Volume
Definition
500ml of subconscious everyday breathing.
Term
Residual Volume
Definition
The volume that can't be exhaled because the lungs would collapse if it was.
Term
Inspiratory Capacity
Definition
Inspiratory Reserve + Tidal Volume (3600ml)
Term
Vital Capacity
Definition
Inspiratory Reserve + Tidal Reserve + Expiratory Reserve (4800ml)
Term
Factors that Affect Hbg Affinity
Definition
Acidity, Partial Pressure of CO2, Temperature, BPG (helps with O2 unloading)
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs.
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs.
Term
Reticulocyte
Definition
A cell without a nucleus.
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
A chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes to a site of damage.
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