Term
|
Definition
| One of two large veins that open into the right atrium, returning to the heart all of the deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation except from the coronary circulation. |
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Term
| What is the name of the sac where the heart sits? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts (venous return & duration of diastole) (her's) |
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Term
| What is then normal Ph of blood? |
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Definition
| 7.35-7.45 Any lower is acidosis any higher is alkalosis. These will slow down/depress cardiac activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricle muscle fibers. (her's) |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur. (her's) |
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Term
| What can too much sodium do? |
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Definition
| Can block Ca2+ inflow decreasing force of contraction. (partial cause of hypertension) |
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Term
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Definition
| Influx of Na+ into the cell through voltage-gated fast Na+ channels; within milliseconds Na+ channels inactivate and Na+ flow decreases. (her's) |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitation of the atria, lasts .08 to .10 seconds on ECG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wave travels through AV node, AV bundles, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, lasts .14 to .20 Seconds on ECG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitation of the ventricles, lasts .12 to .16 seconds on ECG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repolarization of the ventricles, lasts .12 to .16 seconds on ECG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time for complete excitation of ventricles, lasts .08 to .12 seconds on ECG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time required for complete excitation of ventricles, lasts .30 to .35 seconds on ECG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time from completion of ventricular repolarization to next atrial excitation, lasts .25 to .35 seconds on ECG. |
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Term
| What are the 3 normal blood pressures? |
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Definition
Systolic 120
Diastolic 80
Pulse Pressure 40
3:2:1 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The other names for systole and diastole |
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Definition
Systole- Depolarization
Diastole- Repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main functions of blood? |
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Definition
| Transportation, Regulation, Protection |
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Term
| What are the 5 physical characteristics of blood? |
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Definition
| More viscous than water, 38 degrees C (body is usually 37), pH: 7.35-7.45, 20% of Extracellular fluid, Blood volume: 4-6 liters (8-12 pints) |
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Term
|
Definition
Lower than a 7.35 pH
Higher than a 7.45 pH |
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Term
| 2 Liquid Portions of Blood |
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Definition
Plasma- Liquid part that contains clotting factors.
Serum- Liquid part that does NOT contain clotting factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The body's natural anti-coagulant. |
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Term
| The three formed elements of blood |
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Definition
| Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes |
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Term
| 3 aspects of erythrocytes |
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Definition
-Biconcave discs, no nucleus
-Contain hemoglobin to carry O2 (heme moity)
-Life span: 120 days |
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Term
| The 2 Types of Leukocytes |
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Definition
| Granulocytes, Agranulocytes |
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Term
| Three types of Granulocytes |
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Definition
| Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
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Term
| Three types of Agranulocytes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of hemoglobin that binds to O2 and carries it where it needs to be. |
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Term
| Center in the brain that regulates heart flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrolyte that initiations contraction of myocardium |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrolyte that maintains contraction of the myocardium |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid filled sac around the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of blood ejected from the heart each beat |
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Definition
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Term
| Circulation Through the lungs |
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Definition
| Pulmonic/Pulmonary Circulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| To stop bleeding. Three step process, vascular response, cellular response , clotting mechanism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood vessels constrict and retract from the cut. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Platelets release seretonin which causes vasoconstriction and platelets to stick together. |
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Term
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Definition
| 13 clotting factors, which includes Ca2+, come together to form a clot (coagulation). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms the active form of prothrombin, which becomes thrombin. |
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Term
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Definition
| White lymph due to dietary lipids. (from intestines) |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sties where stem cells divide (produced) and become Immunocompetent. Includes Red Bone Marrow, Epiphyses of long bones, Thymus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Capable of mounting an immune response. |
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Term
| Secondary Lymphatic Organs and Tissues |
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Definition
| Sites where most immune responses occur. Includes: Lymph nodes, Spleen Lymphatic nodules (follicles) or (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, MALT) tissue since it is noncapsulated. |
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Term
|
Definition
Solid + Liquid -> Clump
Solid is agglutinogen
Liquid is agglutinin |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Lymphatic System
vs
Circulatory System |
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Definition
| Lymph system has thinner walls, more valves, one way pathway towards heart, empties into blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Barrel Chested, Thin, called pink puffers, Alveoli are eaten by macrophages in the lungs. |
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Term
| The 5 ABG's in an ABG test. |
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Definition
| pO2, pCO2, pH, O2 Saturation, HCO3 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema |
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Term
| Average Total Lung Capacity |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The 700ml that is normal not exhaled during tidal breathing, but is during exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Average volume of breathing at rest (500 ml) |
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Term
| The lungs sit in what cavity? |
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Definition
| Pleural Cavity Filled With Pleural Fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
Spirometer: 2 types
Incentive- Make them breath/Inhaling/Ventilating
Diagnostic- Exhaling |
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Term
|
Definition
Processes and presents antigen to helper T cell
vs
T cell 2 types
1 Helper, 2 Memory- In lymph tissue, recognizes invading antigens, even years after first encounter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Descendant of B cell that produces and secretes antibodies. |
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Term
| The 2 Types of Immunity and their 2 parts each. |
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Definition
Active: Natural (get sick), Artificial (vaccine)
Passive: Natural (mother’s milk), Artificial (antisera) |
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Term
| The 5 phases of Phagocytosis |
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Definition
| Chemotaxis, Adherence, Ingestion, Digestion, Killing |
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Term
|
Definition
| The lymphatic capillaries |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 types: Soluble/weak, Insobuble/strong |
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Term
| Formula For Cardiac Output |
|
Definition
| SV (stroke volume) x HR (heart rate) (heartbeats per minute) |
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|
Term
Natural
vs
Physiological Pacemaker |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| SA node: pacemaker, AV node: physiological pacemaker, Bundle of His (AV bundle), Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period of maintained depolarization due to opening of voltage-gated slow Ca2+ in sarcolemma. This action is balanced with the outflow of K+ ions through voltage-gated K+ channels. The action of Ca2+ and K+ sustain contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outflow of Na+ and K+ restores the negative resting potential. At the same time, calcium channels in SR are closing which contributes to reploarization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epinephrin and norepinephrin (from adrenal medulla) increase HR and contractility. Exercise, stress, and excitement stimulate the release of hormones. Thyroid hormones enhance cardiac contractility. |
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Term
|
Definition
Excess Na+ blocks Ca2+ inflow decreasing force of contraction.
Excess K+ blocks generation of action potential.
Moderate increase of Ca2+ speeds HR and strengthens the heartbeat. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Carry blood away from the heart
Arterial wall has 3 tunics
-Interna or intima (closest to lumen) endothelium & elastic tissue
-Media – thickest, muscular
-Externa – elastic & collagen fibers
Sympathetic neurons in muscle layer
Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
2 Types of arteries
Elastic
Muscular
VS
Carry blood to the heart.
Has the same three layers but with different thicknesses. Externa is the thickest and consists of collagen and elastic fibers. Less elasticity than in arteries; cannot withstand high blood pressure
Lumen of a vein is larger than that of an artery
Valves (thin folds of the tunica interna) prevent backflow of bld.
Vascular (venous) sinus – dense connective tissue replaces tunica media and externa. |
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Term
|
Definition
Continuous: skeletal and smooth muscle, connective tissue & lungs.
Fenestrated: contain small pores. Kidneys, villi of small intestine, choroid plexuses of ventricles in brain and some endocrine glands.
Sinusoids: wider and more winding, unusually large fenestrations. Liver, red bone marrow, spleen, some endocrine glands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Supplies a capillary bed (network of 10-100 capillaries) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rings of smooth muscle that control the flow of blood through capillary bed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match metabolic demands. |
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Term
| The Three Functions of the Lymphatic System |
|
Definition
Draining excess interstitial fluid
Transporting dietary lipids
Carrying out immune responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| Main duct for the return of lymph to blood. |
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Term
| The Five Principle Lymphatic Ducts |
|
Definition
| Lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular |
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Term
|
Definition
| Capillaries → vessels → lymph nodes → trunks -> ducts -> blood |
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|
Term
| 3 Primary Lymphatic Organs |
|
Definition
Red Bone Marrow
Epiphyses of long bones
Thymus |
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Term
| 7 Forms of First Line of Defense |
|
Definition
-Epidermis
-Mucous membranes: Mucus, Hairs, Cilia
-Lysozyme: Lacrimal appartus (tears), Saliva
-Urine flow
-Vaginal secretions
-Sebum
-Gastric juice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Internal antimicrobial proteins: Interferons, Complement, Transferrins
-Phagocytes
-Natural killer cells
-Inflammation: Redness, Pain, Heat, Swelling
-Fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigen is a substance
vs
Antibody is a protein bound to a cell |
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|
Term
| The Pathway of Air Through to The Lungs |
|
Definition
| Air comes in through the nose and/or mouth, moves through the nasal and/or oral cavity, into the pharynx, then to the larynx, then the trachea, then the bronchi of the lungs, then to bronchioles, where co2 and o2 are exchanged in the alveoli. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3,100ml that is not inhaled during tidal breathing, but during exercise. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 500ml of subconscious everyday breathing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The volume that can't be exhaled because the lungs would collapse if it was. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inspiratory Reserve + Tidal Volume (3600ml) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inspiratory Reserve + Tidal Reserve + Expiratory Reserve (4800ml) |
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|
Term
| Factors that Affect Hbg Affinity |
|
Definition
| Acidity, Partial Pressure of CO2, Temperature, BPG (helps with O2 unloading) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell without a nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes to a site of damage. |
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