Term
| 2 types of Epithilial Tissue |
|
Definition
| Covering and lining epithelium, Glandular epithilium |
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Term
|
Definition
| Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar |
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Term
| 3 Types of Dense Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue, Dense Irregular Connective Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue |
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Term
| 3 Types of Exocrine Glands By Function |
|
Definition
Merocrine-Gland made up of secretory cells that remain intact throughout the process of formation and discharge of the secretory product, as in the salivary and pancreatic glands.
Apocrine- A type of gland in which the secretory products gather at the free end of the secreting cell and are pinched off, along with some of the cytoplasm, to become the secretion, as in mammary glands.
Holocrine-A type of gland in which entire secretory cells, along with their accumulated secretions, make up the secretory product of the gland, as in the sebaceous glands. |
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Term
| 3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| Areolar Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, Reticular Connective Tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
Epithelial – covers, lines, forms glands
Connective – protects and supports, bind organs together, store energy reserves, help provide immunity
Muscular – movement
Nervous – Electrical communication in the body and with the environment, help maintain homeostasis |
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Term
4 Types of Membranes
3 Epithelial
1 Synovial |
|
Definition
Mucous- Opens to exterior; upper/outer layer of epithelium, and underlying layer of connective tissue.
Serous Membrane (or serosa)- same as mucous but doesn't open to the exterior
Cutaneous- Skin
Synovial- Joint |
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Term
| 5 Types of Mature Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| Loose Connective Tissue, Dense Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone Tissue, Liquid Connective Tissue (blood tissue and lymph) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A contractile protein that is part of thin filaments in muscle fibers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adherens junctions in the form of a long line across cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Links the components of ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of putting exons together while leaving out introns, with each combination of exons being different for each protein. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Both Polar and Non-Polar Parts |
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Term
|
Definition
| Move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The surface of a cell that faces a body surface, cavity, lumen, or tubular duct. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Growth due to surface deposition of material, as in the growth in diameter of cartilage and bone. Also called exogenous growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Smooth muscles attached to hairs; contraction pulls the hairs into a vertical position, resulting in "goose bumps." |
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Term
|
Definition
| The usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propogates a nerve impusle toward the axon terminals. |
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Term
|
Definition
Axon Long part
vs
Dendrite Tiny Central Web composing part |
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Term
| Basale Epidermal Stratum (or stratum germinativum) |
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Definition
| Deepest layer, composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes that contain scattered tonofilaments (intermediate filaments); melanocytes and merkel cells associated with merkel discs are scattered among the keratinocytes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmembrane Glycoprotein; These join cells. |
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Term
Carcin
Vs
Sarc
For cancerous tumors |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Striated muscle composing the heart, stimulated by intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the p membrane, moving polar substances in or out. (aka Transporters) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae embedded in a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers and an extracellular matrix of chondroitin sulfate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A modified sudoriferous gland, in the external auditory meatus that secretes cerumen (ear wax). |
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Term
Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
vs
Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion |
|
Definition
Channel- Plugged and unplugged
vs
Carrier- Brought in one by one |
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Term
|
Definition
| A steroid with an attached -OH group, and various glycolipids. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| An amorphous extracellular matrix material found outside connective tissue cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Connexins compose Connexons. |
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Term
| Corneum Epidermal Stratum |
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Definition
| Twenty-Five to Thirty rows of dead, flat keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinases (Cdk) |
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Definition
| Transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein to activate the protein; other enzymes can remove the phosphate group from the protein to deactivate it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neuronal process that carries electrical signals toward the cell body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outermost layer of a hair |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glycosaminoglycan and polysaccharide found in tissues that helps it to keep water and help ground tissue maintain its jellylike texture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Also called merocrine sweat gland, simple coiled tubular glands all over the body that start working shortly after birth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Smaller than collagen fibers, branch and join together to form a network within a tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A difference in electrical charges between two regions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The combination of electrical gradient and concentration gradient. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. |
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Term
Epidermal Wound
vs
Deep Wound |
|
Definition
| Deep wound extends into the dermis, whereas an epidermal wound does not. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exhibit electrical excitability, or the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals. |
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Term
| Factors that Affect Diffusion (5) |
|
Definition
| Difference in concentration, Temperature, Mass of particles, Surface area, Diffusion distance |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collagen Fibers, Elastic Fibers, Reticular Fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds to both collagen fibers and ground substance linking them together. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Gene’s DNA used as a template for synthesis of a protein. Transcription – DNA is copied (transcribed) to produce a specific molecule of RNA. Translation – RNA attaches to ribosome to translate information into a sequence of amino acids to produce a new protein molecule. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Trap water, making ground subtance more jellylike. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reparation tissue; the mass of tissues that form and come together to seal a cut or wound. |
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Term
| Granulosum Epidermal Stratum |
|
Definition
| Three to five rows of flattened keratinocytes, in which organelles are beginning to degenerate; cells contain the protein keratohyalin, which converts tonofilaments into keratin, and lamellar granules, which release a lipid-rich, water repellent secretion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lipids with an attached carbohydrate group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Layer of cells that arise from the stratum basale where cell division occurs. (the layer of cells responsible for hair growth) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A network of dendrites arranged around the root of a hair as a free or naked nerve endings that are stimulated when a hair shaft is moved. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The superficial portion of the hair, which projects above the surface of the skin. |
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Term
| Haversian System or Osteon |
|
Definition
| The basic unit of structure in adult compact bone, consisting of a central (haversian) canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A viscous, amorphous extracellular material that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and maintains the shape of the eyeballs. |
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Term
Hydrostatic Pressure
vs
Osmotic Pressure |
|
Definition
The pressure that is built up by an uneven concentration of water on either side of a membrane. (like a submarine)
vs
The pressure caused by uneven concentrations of solutes in water.
BOTH are osmotic. |
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Term
|
Definition
Lower concentration of solutes on the outside than in the cytosol ; Cell undergoes hemolysis (absorbs too much water). (pure water)
vs
Higher concentration of solutes on the outside than in the cytosol ; Cell undergoes crenation. (saturated salt water) |
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Term
|
Definition
| extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A family of transmembrane glycoproteins in plasma membranes that function in cell adhesion; they are present in hemidesmosomes, which anchor cells to a basement membrane, and they mediate adhesion of neturophils to endothelial cells during emigration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Growth from within, as in the growth of cartilage. Also called endogenous growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide constituting ground substance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Darkly staining granules of a protein which convert tonofilaments into keratin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small hollow space, such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie. |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane enclosed; release a lipid-rich secretion that fills the spaces between cells of the stratum granulosum, lucidum, and corneum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The connective tissue layer of a mucosa. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein that hemidesmosomes attach to out the outside of cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epidermal dendritic cell that functions as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) during an immune response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fine downy hairs that cover the fetus. |
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Term
| Lucidum Epidermal Stratum |
|
Definition
| Present only in skin of fingertips, palms, and soles; consists of three to five rows of clear, flat, dead, keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical substance that binds to a specific receptor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The string between the nucleosomes (DNA wrapped around histones) which holds the nucleosomes together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid confined in lymphatic vessels and flowing through the lymphatic system until it is returned to the blood. |
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Term
| Maturation Phase of Deep Wound Healing |
|
Definition
| When the scar tissue has formed and the scab is ready to fall off. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pigmented cell, located between or beneath cells of the deepest layer of the epidermis, that synthesizes malanin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Essentially the same as electrical gradient, but does not refer to the gradient but the difference in charge specifically. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of cell in the epidermis of hairless skin that makes contact with a merkel disc; which functions in touch. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A saucer shaped free nerve endings that make contact with Merkel cells in the epidermis and function as touch receptors. Also called tactile disc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An embryonic connective tissue from which all other connective tissues rise. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An embryonic connective tissue from which all other connective tissues arise. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The middle primary germ layer that gives rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels, and muscles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines serous membranes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Microscopic, finger-like projections of the plasma membranes of cells that increase surface area for absorption, especially in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fluid filled cavity center part of Mitochondria. |
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Term
|
Definition
| AKA Wharton's Jelly, found in the umbilical cord of an embryo. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a tissue specialized to produce motion in response to muscle action potentials by its qualities of contractility, extensibility, elasticity, and excitability. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the nail beneath the body and root from which the nail is produced. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spherical body within a cell nucleus composed of protein, DNA, and RNA that is the site of the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structural subunit of a chromosome consisting of histones and DNA. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oval-shaped pressure receptor located in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue and consisting of concentric layers of a connective tissue wrapped around the dendrites of a sensory neuron. Also called a lamellated corpuscle. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| substance, foundation, or framework of an organ, as opposed to its functional parts (stroma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A superficial layer just above the stratum basale that protects it while an embryo forms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins in the outer layer of the phospholipid bilayer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vesicle containing oxidases (oxidative enzymes) and catalase (decomposes hydrogen peroxide); new peroxisomes bud from preexisting ones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a layer of dense proteins on the inside of a plasma membrane in adherens junctions and desmosomes. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Several ribosomes attached to the same mRNA. |
|
|
Term
| Proliferative Phase of Deep Wound Healing |
|
Definition
| Characterized by extensive growth of epithelial cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The segment of DNA Where RNA polymerase (what splits the DNA) attaches to the DNA. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tiny barrel-shaped structure that contains proteases (proteolytic enzymes). They destroy dysfunctional and unused proteins. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a core protein with a glycosaminoglycan attached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All of an organism's proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. A specialized cell or distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to a n electrical signal (generator or receptor potential) 2. A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand. |
|
|
Term
| Remember the Fluid Mosaic Model |
|
Definition
| Remember the Fluid Mosaic Model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, and forms a network around the cells in some tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organ specialized for contraction |
|
|
Term
| Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) |
|
Definition
| Pronounced "snurps" These are the splicers that snip introns out of mRNA and put the exons together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue specialized for contraction, located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by autonomic motor neurons. |
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|
Term
| Spinosum Epidermal Stratum |
|
Definition
| Eight to ten rows of many-sided keratinocytes with bundles of tonofilaments; includes armlike processes of melanocytes and langerhans cells. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The tissue that forms the ground substance, foundation, or framework of an organ, as opposed to its functional parts. |
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|
Term
| Subcutaneous Layer (subQ) or Hypodermis |
|
Definition
| A continuous sheet of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue between the dermis of the skin and the deep fascia of the muscles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Move two substances in the same direction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prohpase I of meiosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells that produce synovial Fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Specific DNA sequences found at the end of chromosomes. Used to protect DNA from deterioration although it occurs eventually as part of aging. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hair. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The four chromatids that result from synapsis. |
|
|
Term
| The 2 Sheaths of the Hair Follicle and what they make together. |
|
Definition
| Internal Root Sheath, External Root Sheath, Epithelial Root Sheath |
|
|
Term
| The 3 Parts of the Hair Root |
|
Definition
| Medulla(inner most), Cortex(mid), Cuticle (outer) |
|
|
Term
| The 3 Types of Muscle Tissue |
|
Definition
| Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lamella-concentric ring of hard, calcified extracellular matrix found in compact bone.
Lacunae-a small hollow space where osteocytes lie
Canaliculus-small channel or canal, as in bones, where they connect lacunae.
Central Canal-A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone. |
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|
Term
| The 4 Parts of the Bulb of a Hair |
|
Definition
| Hair Matrix, Melanocyte, Papilla, Blood Vessels |
|
|
Term
| The 6 Functions of the Skin |
|
Definition
| Thermoregulation, Blood Reservoir, Protection, Cutaneous Sensations, Excretion and Absorption, and Vitamin D synthesis. |
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|
Term
| The 5 types of Tissue Junctions |
|
Definition
Tight Junctions-weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways.
Adherens Junctions- Contain plaque, Cadherins join adjacent cells. Has adhesion belts.
Desmosomes- Just like cadherins, except the plaque does not attach to microfilaments, but rather intermediate filaments.
Hemidesmosomes- Just like desmosomes but do not link adjacent cells. Attaches to laminin on outside of cell with integrins instead of cadherins.
Gap Junctions- Have membrane proteins called connexins composed of connexons. Used for cell communication (cardiac tissue) and quick transportation between cells. |
|
|
Term
| The 6 Functions of Proteins Embedded in the Phospholipid Bilayer |
|
Definition
| Form Ion Channels, Work as Carriers, Receptors, Enzymes, Linkers, Identity Markers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The superficial portion of the dermis (about one-fifth); consists of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house capillaries, Meissner corpuscles, and free nerve endings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The deeper portion of the dermis (about four fifths); consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers. Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands. |
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|
Term
| The Three Types of Cartilage |
|
Definition
Hyaline Cartilage- Glassy looking; contains a resilient gel as its ground substance. Weakest & most common
Fibro Cartilage- No perichondrium; strong and rigid, strongest type. Intervertebral Discs are Fibro Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage- perichondrium is present; maintains the shape of certain things such as the ear |
|
|
Term
| Three Stages of Hair Growth |
|
Definition
Growth (anagen) Stage- Cells of the hair matrix divide (2 to 6 years)
Regression (catagen) Stage- hair growth stops/cells stop dividing & atrophies (2 to 3 weeks)
Resting (telogen) Stage- Rests for roughly 3 months before dying |
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|
Term
| Three Types of Epithelial Layer Arrangements |
|
Definition
| Simple, Psuedostratified, Stratified |
|
|
Term
| Three primary embryonic germ layers |
|
Definition
Ectoderm – Nervous system, epidermis of skin and derivatives.
Endoderm – GI tract, urinary bladder, urethra, and respiratory system.
Mesoderm – (Middle layer) connective tissue, blood and blood vessels, muscles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sloughed off peridermal cells that mix with a sebaceous gland mixture and hair to form a fatty substance that is slippery and helps with birth. |
|
|
Term
| What determines the degree of a burn? |
|
Definition
1st- Epidermis Only
2nd- Blistering; Epidermis & Dermis
3rd- Dermis & Subcutaneous Layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial or complete separation of the outer layers of a sutured incision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribosomal RNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer RNA, binds to a specific amino acid until it is incorporated into a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the middle part of Golgi Complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When cells eat/recycle their own organelles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5 Types of Simple Glands
&
3 Types of Compound Glands
(by shape) |
|
Definition
Simple Tubular, Simple Branched Tubular, Simple Coiled Tubular, Simple Acinar, Branched Acinar
&
Compound Tubular, Compound Acinar, Compound Tubuloacinar |
|
|
Term
| The 6 Connective Tissue Cell Types |
|
Definition
Fibroblasts-Large flat cells with branching processes.
Adipocytes- Fat Cells
Mast Cells- Histamine producers found alongside blood vessels that supply connective tissue.
White Blood Cells
Macrophages- Develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell. Fight bacteria by phagocytosis.
Plasma Cells- small cells that develop from a type of WBC called a B lymphocyte. Secrete antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tiny piece of anything. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Albinism in spots, may increase as in the case of Michael Jackson (supposedly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does not function til puberty, located at the armpits, where beards grow, pubic hair in general. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The layer attached to the cavity wall in serous membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The layer attached to organs within a cavity in a serous membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The genetic information represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA serves as a template for copying the information into a complementary sequence. |
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