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AP II Lymphatic - GI - Nutriti
AP II Lymphatic - GI - Nutrition
58
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/22/2009

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Term
What makes up the structure of Lymphatic
Definition
Vast Collection of cells & biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels, & the organs & glands that produce them.
Term
What is the Lymphatic Drainage.
Definition
Movement of fluid from interstitial spaces into blood capillaries & lymphatic capillaries.
Term
What causes the Lymphatic System to Increase in size.
Definition
Bacterial Infection
Term
What is the function of the Spleen?
Definition
Blood reservoir houses macrophages that remove foreign particles, damaged red blood cells, & cellular debris from the blood, contains lymphocytes.
Term
What are the Phagocytosis cells?
Definition
Removes foreign particles from the lymph as it moves from the interstitial spaces to the bloodstream.
Term
What is the function of the immune system?
Definition
Resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by-products. Bases upon the ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body from those that are not.
Term
What are the different types of immunoglobulin?
Definition
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, & IgE
Term
Which immunoglobulin is most abundent in blood?
Definition
IgG makes accounts for about 80% of the antibodies.
Term
Where are the Lymph Nodes located?
Definition
Cervical Region - Axillary Region - Supratrochlear Region - Inguinal Region - Pelvic Cavity - Abdominal Cavity - Thoracic Cavity
Term
What is the main function of Lymph Nodes?
Definition
Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph before returning it to the bloodstream & Monitoring body fluids (immune surveillance) provided by lymphocytes & macrophages.
Term
What is an autoimmune disease?
Definition
Immune system fails to distinguish self from nonself, producing antibodies, & cytotoxic T cells that attack & damage the body's tissues & organs. Loss of ability to tolerate self-antigens.
Term
Example of autoimmune disease?
Definition
Scleroderma - Graves Disease - Diabetes Mellitus - Rheumatic Fever - Rheumatoid Arthritis
Term
What is vaccine & what does it do?
Definition
A preparation that includes and antigen that can stimulate a primary immune response against a particular pathogen but does not produce the severe systems of that disease.
Term
How does Lymph flow?
Definition
Like venous blood. Under relatively low hydrostatic pressure. Has help from contracting skeletal muscles in the limbs, pressure changes from the action of skeletal muscles used in breathing, & contraction of smooth muscles int he walls of the larger lymphatic trunks. Peaks during physical exercise due to actions of skeletal muscles & pressure changes associated with breathing.
Term
Which immunoglobulins is responsible for primary immune response?
Definition
IgM & IgG
Term
How is immunoglubulin produced?
Definition
Begins with four chains of amino acids that are linked by pairs of sulfur atoms that attract by disulfide bonds. The four chains form a Y shaped structure.
Term
What are the layers of the GI tract?
Definition
Mucosa - Submucosa - Muscular - Serosa
Term
What does the Salivary Glands do?
Definition
Secrete saliva, which moistens food, helps bind food particles, begins chemical disestion of carbohydrates, makes taste possible, helps cleanse the mouth, & regulates PH in the mouth.
Term
What is Amylase?
Definition
Watery fluid that contains a digestive enzyme.
Term
What does Amylase do?
Definition
Splits starch & glycogen molecules into disaccharides - the first step in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
Term
What different cell types are produced in the stomach?
Definition
Mucous Cell - Chief Cells - Parietal Cells
Term
What is the function of cholecystokinin?
Definition
Decreases gactric motility. Stimulates release of pancreatic juice from the pancreas & bile from the gallbladder.
Term
What does the Liver do?
Definition
Metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins; stores some substances filters blood; destroys toxins; & secretes bile.
Term
What does the large intestine do?
Definition
Absorbs water & electrolytes & forms & stores feces.
Term
What is the conquence of enlarged tonsils?
Definition
They can block the passageways of the pharnx & interfere with breathing & swallowing.
Term
What is heartburn?
Definition
Food return to the esophagus. Burning feeling in chest & esophagus.
Term
What causes heartburn?
Definition
Overeating - Lying down to soon after eating - Acidic Foods
Term
What is Gallstones?
Definition
Enlarged crystals in the gallbladder.
Term
What causes gallstones?
Definition
Bile salts, bile pigments, & cholesterol become increasingly concentrated as the gall bladder lining reabsorbs some water & electrolytes. The cholesterol normally remains in solution, under certain conditions it my precipitate & form solid crystals.
Term
What is the makeup of gallstones?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
What layer of GI tract is responsible for absorbition of food?
Definition
Small Intestine
Term
What does Epiglottis do?
Definition
Closes off the top of the trachea so that food is less likely to enter the trachea.
Term
Where does Epiglottis attach to?
Definition
Larynx
Term
Where is the Pyloric located?
Definition
Funnel-Shaped portion that narrows & becomes the pyloric canal as it approaches the small intestine.
Term
What does the pyloric do?
Definition
Valve that controls gastric emptying.
Term
Where is the Cecum located?
Definition
Beginning of the large intestines. Dialated, pouchlike structure that hangs slightly inferior to the ileocecal opening.
Term
What does the cecum do?
Definition
transition area expands in diameter, allowing food to travel from the small intestine to the large.
Term
Where is the esophagus located?
Definition
Straight collapsible tube about 25 CM long. Descends through the thorax posterior to the trachea, passing through the mediastinum. Penetrates the diaphragm through an opening, the esophageal hiatus & is continuous with the stomach on the abdomial side of the diaphragm.
Term
What does the esophagus do?
Definition
Passageway for food.
Term
What is the process of passage of food through the GI tract?
Definition
Begin in mouth, teeth grind food. Then the food passes down the ep. into the stomach. The the stomach mixes the food. Then in passes into the small intestines, the small intestines absorbe the nutrients, & water. Then to the large. Any remaining nutrients absorbe in the large. Then out thru the anus.
Term
What are the different types of Monosaccarites
Definition
Simple sugar such as fructose, & glucose.
Term
What does the Pancreas do?
Definition
Produces pancreatic juice that is secreted into a pancreatic duct. Pancreatic juice containes enqymes that can split carbohydrates, proteins, fats, & nucleic acids.
Term
Type of food has complete set of of amino acid?
Definition
Milk, meat, & eggs.
Term
What is Negative nitrogen balance?
Definition
A person who is starving has a negative nitrogen balance because the amount of nitrogen excreted as a result of amino acid oxidation exceeds the amount the diet replaces.
Term
What are the different types of fat soluable vitamine?
Definition
A - D - E - K
Term
What are the different types of water soluable vitamins
Definition
B Complex - C - Folic Acid - Biotin
Term
What are different type of trace elements.
Definition
Iron - Manganese - Cooper - Iodine - Cobalt - Zinc - Fluorine - Selenium
Term
What are the function of trace elements?
Definition
Essential minerals found in minute amounts, each making up less than 0.005%
Term
What does diatery fat do to the body?
Definition
Supply energy for cellular processes, & help build structures, such as cell membranes.
Term
What are the different examples of food linked to cancer?
Definition
Red Meat - Sugar - Soft Drinks - Chared Food - Alcohol
Term
What is Kwashiorkor?
Definition
Protein starvation. Have protruding bellies.
Term
What is Marasmus?
Definition
Lake of all nutrients. Living skeletons.
Term
What are the essential amino acids?
Definition
Isoleucine - Leucine - Lysine - Methionine - Phenylalanine - Threonine - Tryptophan - Valine
Term
Where is cholestrol synthysed.
Definition
Liver
Term
What are the essential fatty acids?
Definition
Omega 3 - Omega 6
Term
What is blindness?
Definition
Lacking visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors
Term
What causes blindness?
Definition
Lack of Vit A
Term
What is Positive nitrogen balance?
Definition
A growing child, a pregnant woman, or an athlete in training is likely to have a positive nitrogen balance because more protein is being built into new tissue & less is being used for energy or excreted.
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