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| expansion of desert like land due to human activities like poor agricultural practices and overgrazing |
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| semi desert region at southern fringe of Sahara, n countries that fall w/i the region that extends from Senegal to Sudan. Large droughts in 1970s and 1980s caused widespread famine and dislocation of population. |
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| movement of animals b/w wet-season and dry-season pasture |
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| a land form rims southern Africa from Angola to south Africa. Forms where narrow coastal plains meet elevated plateaus in an abrupt break in elevation. |
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| The policy of racial separateness that directed the separate residential and work spaces for white, blacks, coloreds, and Indians in South Africa for nearly 50 yrs. It was abolished when the African National Congress came to power in 1994. |
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| The 1884 conference that divided Africa into European colonial territories. The boundaries created in Berlin satisfied European ambition but ignored indigenous cultural affiliations. Many of Africa's civil conflicts can be traced to ill-conceived territorial divisions crafted in 1884. |
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| a social unit that is typically smaller than a tribe or ethnic group but larger than a family, based on supposed descent from a common ancestor. |
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| Geological fault system which stretches from South West Asia to East Africa, extends from Jordan River to Mozambique. Forms series of complex upland area lakes, volcanoes, and deep valleys. |
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| Nominally independent ethnic territories created for blacks under the grand apartheid scheme. Homelands were on marginal land, overcrowded, and poorly services. In the post-apartheid era, they were eliminated. |
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| Internally displaced Person |
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| Groups and individuals who flee an area due to conflict or famine but still remain in their country of origin. These populations often live in refugee-like conditions but are harder to assist because they technically do not qualify as refugees. |
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| Nomadic and sedentary peoples who rely upon livestock (cattle, camels, sheep,and goats)for sustenance and livelihood. |
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| A person who flees his or her own country because of a well-found fear of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, ideology, or political affiliation. |
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| Called slash-and-burn agriculture. A form of cultivation in which forested or brushy plots are cleared of vegetation, burned, and then planted to crops, only to be abandoned a few years later as soil fertility declines. |
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| Refers to usually underdeveloped urban living areas that under Apartheid were reserved for non-whites, built on periphery of towns and cities. |
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| Allegiance to a particular tribe or ethnic group rather than to the nation-state. Tribalism is often blamed for internal conflict within Sub-Saharan states. |
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| A fly that is a vector for a parasite that causes sleeping sickness, a disease that especially affects humans and livestock. Livestock is rarely found in those areas of Sub-Saharan Africa where the tsetse fly is common. |
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