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AP History Semester One Final
Specifically made for chapters 1-17 of America: Past and Present, AP Edition
205
History
11th Grade
01/15/2008

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Term
Elmina
Definition
First of the slave factories, built by the portuguese. African slaves went here before they were transported to the new world.
Term
"New Monarchs"
Definition
European rulers who united their countries and centralized their gov'ts (created armies, etc...), strengthening the gov'ts to where they were in a position to colonize the new world
Term
Vasco de Gama
Definition
Portuguese exporer who came back from India to Portugal with all kinds of cool goods
Term
Columbus
Definition
Explored the New World
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
The exchange of culture and goods and diseases, etc... between England and the New World throughout the era of exploration
Term
Ferdinand and Isabella
Definition
Funded Columbus' journey to America because they wanted to compete with portugal. Their marriage united spain.
Term
Conquistadors
Definition
Spanish colonizers of the NW, subdued Native Americans and created a new Spanish empire there
Term
Ecomienda System
Definition
The system wherein the spanish gov't granted conquistadors peices of land and they worked the land with the indians they conquered--conquistadors got control over native labor
Term
John Cabot
Definition
An English guy who wanted to find a route to asia--made the first English journey to the NW
Term
Sir Walter Raleigh
Definition
Sent a couple colonists to the NW to claim his grant--the Roanoke colonists came back with them
Term
Roanoke Colony
Definition
Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. Failed due to bad location, lack of resources, and trouble with the indians
Term
Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
Definition
Their marriage allied Spain and England, preventing English colonization of NW. With the end of this marriage and establishment of the Anglican church, this alliance ended.
Term
Anne Boleyn
Definition
Lover and 2nd wife of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth I (the good ruler)
Term
Couriers de Bois
Definition
The french fur traders
Term
jacques Cartier
Definition
French guy who went to canada
Term
Samuel de Champlain
Definition
Founded quebec for the French
Term
Protestant Reformation
Definition
Movement to destroy the old church, follow ideas of Luther and Calvin
Term
Elizabeth I
Definition
solved the religious debates in England during her rulership
Term
English Reformation
Definition
When Henry VIII broke off the English church, establishing protestantism there
Term
Act of Supremacy
Definition
When Henry VIII made himself supreme head of the English church
Term
Defeat of the Spanish armada
Definition
When Elizabeth slaughtered the Armada, causing spain's downfall as the greatest power of time and bringing england to prominence
Term
Irish Colonization
Definition
The English's violent colonization of Ireland, which tested the theories of colonial rule
Term
Sir Francis Drake
Definition
found the deserted roanoke colony, brought the colonists home
Term
Jamestown
Definition
In Chesepeake, had tobbacco-based economy. Led by John Smith, so the rule was quite military
Term
John Smit
Definition
Head of Jamestown, ruled with an iron fist, made everyone work to eat
Term
House of Burgesses
Definition
The assembly in Virginia. It was an elected assembly
Term
John Rolfe
Definition
Pocahantas' husband, grower of tobacco, Rolfe's tobacco "saved" Virginia b/c they were able to sell it in the colonies, etc...
Term
joint stock company
Definition
business enterprise where people owned stock in the companies and got paid dividends.
Term
The Great Migration
Definition
Puritans wanting to escape the tyranny of king Charles I left England and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Term
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Definition
Puritan colony founded by John Winthrop
Term
Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams
Definition
Exiled to Rhode Island because of aberrant religious beliefs
Term
John Winthrop
Definition
Governor of Mass. Bay Colonies, led Great Migration
Term
William Bradford
Definition
governor of the Plymouth rock colony, helped his colonists stay alive by making friends with the squanto
Term
puritans
Definition
super intense protestants who wanted to remove all traces of the cathololic church from protestantism
Term
Mayflower Covenant
Definition
Agreement among the pilgrims to create a government on plymouth rock
Term
Pilgrims
Definition
The guys from Scrooby Manor who wanted to leave the Catholicism present in England. First went to holland, then established the Mass. Bay Colonies in the NW
Term
Pariarch
Definition
The male head of a family
Term
Gentry
Definition
Powerful landowning class at the head of Jamestown society
Term
Creole Society
Definition
American born african slaves
Term
Royal African Company
Definition
suppliers of African slaves to the NW
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
theory where you want to export more than you import so that the gov't has a lot of money.
Term
Glorious Revolution
Definition
English overthrow of James II, parliament gets sovereignty over king
Term
Restoration
Definition
Restoration of JamesII to the throne in England (he got overthrown later anyhow)
Term
Navigation Acts
Definition
Britain, trying to maintain favorable balance of trade, only lets the colonies trade to England.
Term
Bacon's Rebellion
Definition
unsuccessful rebellion in Virginia, resulting in some political reforms. Wanted to protect virginia settlers against indian raids. People died and Jamestown was burned to the ground,but some reforms were made
Term
King Phillip's War
Definition
Indian rebellion in NE leading to the Massachusetts bay company charter being taken away
Term
Edmund Andros and the Dominion of New England
Definition
Short-lived New England gov't
Term
English Constitution
Definition
an unwritten constitution dividing England into the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Representation was unfair.
Term
Colonial Assemblies
Definition
representative assemblies committed to the colonists rights
Term
"New Lights"
Definition
not necissarily formally trained religious leaders. They want a return to religion but believe that the colonists don't necissarily have to join churches. Focus is on the individual saving themself
Term
"Old Lights"
Definition
formally trained congregationalist ministers who felt that church membership (community, etc...) was necessary for salvation
Term
Great Awakening
Definition
Protestant revivals, a coming back to religion, more emotional element to relgion, and individuals can save themselves.
Term
Jonathan Edwards
Definition
Started the Great Awakening, thought that congretational ministers were softening up too much. He preached some hard core predestination crap. He was an "old light"
Term
George Whitefield
Definition
Great "new light" speechmaker of the Great Awakening who preached that people could change whether they went to heaven or hell
Term
Albany Plan
Definition
Ben Franklin's plan to form a grand council for the colonies. It didn't get approval, but set a model for later unions.
Term
Louis XIV
Definition
french ruler who had troops, but didn't send them to his colonies. He let quebec and montreal fend for themselves against the english and their colonies
Term
French and Indian War (7 Years War)
Definition
War between the Enlgish and the French over colonies
Term
Gen Edward Braddock
Definition
led by Braddock, the Eglish tried to take Ohio valley from the french. they lost
Term
George Washington (in context of the French Indian War)
Definition
this was where he got military training
Term
William Pitt
Definition
wanted to put the central conflict of the war in the colonies, which would require colony $ and support.
Term
Assault of Quebec
Definition
2 American generals attacked quebec in the French Indian war, and won.
Term
Treaty of Paris
Definition
ended the 7 years war. The english really get everything, lots of french canadians go under british control
Term
Gilbert Tennant
Definition
"new light" following in the footsteps of George Whitefield, criticized the formally trained congregationalist ministers. Preached that the gap between the rich and the poor was unethical.
Term
George III
Definition
English king during the American Revolution
Term
Patriots/Loyalists
Definition
favored independence/didn't favor independence
Term
Parliamentary Sovereignty
Definition
let the british parliament rule the colonies and tax them
Term
Patrick Henry
Definition
Virginian who thought that virginia should get to tax itself, fought the stamp act--5 resolutions against the stamp act. The fifth (stricken from the records) was treasonous, would have not allowed parliament to tax virginia--henry accused of treason
Term
George Grenville
Definition
Englishman pro colonist taxation, reduced England's debt
Term
Thomas Hutchinson
Definition
Loyalist governor of Mass. during the Revolution. Boston Stamp distributor. Sons of Liberty attacked him and forced him to resign
Term
John Adams (context of revolution)
Definition
Patriot, son of liberty, wrote parts of the declaration of independence
Term
John Locke
Definition
believed that gov'ts had a contract to provide for the public good--gov't must protect life, liberty, adn property
Term
Sugar Act
Definition
lowered the english duty on molasses to try to prevent the colonists from skipping out on paying it. the colonists saw through it, though, and fought harder than ever.
Term
Stamp Act
Definition
all legal docs must have stamps on them to be legalized. The stamps are tribute to the brits. Americans saw this as taxation without representation
Term
Sons of Libery
Definition
formed during the protest against the stamp act, these guys were patriots all the way
Term
Revolutionary Ferment
Definition
development of the american independence movement
Term
Declaratory Act
Definition
asserted parliament's reign over the colonies, and their ability to tax the colonies
Term
Townshend Acts
Definition
taxed a bunch of american imports (like tea)
Term
Quartering Acts
Definition
Required colonists to let soldiers live in their houses
Term
Boston Massacre
Definition
a squabble between the british soldiers and the colonists, over dramatized into a massacre (like, 4 people died)
Term
Samuel Adams
Definition
son of liberty, watned american independence
Term
Tea Act
Definition
gave east india trading company the right to trade directly with retailers, screwing things up for american merchants. Lowers prices of tea, trying to get americans to buy more and support the East India Trading co.
Term
Coercive/Intolerable Acts
Definition

1. Boston port closed 'till spilled tea is paid for.

2. Mass. upper body becomes appointed, only one meeting allowed per year.

3. British officials arrested in line of duty not punished

4. British troops can quarter wherever they want.

Term
Prohibitory Act
Definition
British Act declaring war on American commerce, blocking their port so they can't trade any more.
This wasn't that effective.
Term
Committees of Corresspondence
Definition
Created by Sam Adams, used for American people to tell the gov't what needed changing
Term
Continental Congress
Definition
wrote declaration of independence (created New America)
Term
Lexington/Concord
Definition
place of first british attack
Term
Second Continental Congress
Definition
seized responsibility for war preparations, made George Washington the Commander in Cheif of the Army
Term
Thomas Paine
Definition
wrote common sense a pamphlet, convincing americans of the revolution's necessity
Term
Hessians
Definition
German mercenaries hired against the americans during the revolution
Term
Battle of Long island
Definition
a battle that America lost in the revolution
Term
Trenton
Definition
washington's troops, having lost at the battle of long island, attack a base at trenton, where they win
Term
saratoga
Definition
where washington won on his way to albany. This was a humiliating defeat for the english
Term
Cornwallis
Definition
a stupid british general who chased the americans around and set up a stupid base at yorktown, which the americans took
Term
Peace Treaty: Franklin, Jay, Adams
Definition
Secret peace treaty to end the revolutionary war, got good terms for the americans (big borders, etc...). This worked out because they played on competition between the spanish and the English.
Term
republican
Definition
believed in no centralized monarchy, the importance of virtue, etc...
Term
Jay-Gardoqui Treaty
Definition
Jay gives up miss. ri. to spain in favor of direct spanish trade, pissing off the south
Term
Articles of Confederation
Definition
goerned the confederacy. Congress couldn't tax, all states must approve all new legislature. Congress powers suck
Term
land ordinance of 1785
Definition
marked out and sold midwest land, got no real respect (lots o squatters)
Term
Northwest ordinance of 1787
Definition
changes middle territories gov't, at certain population territories can govern themselves, at greater population, they can apply for statehood.
Term
annapolis meeting 1786
Definition
madison and friends got together, discussed articles of confed
Term
shay's rebellion
Definition
indebted farmers protest debt law.
Term
Virginia Plan
Definition
possible plan for new gov't with bicameral legislature and proportional voting, proposedby madison
Term
New Jersey Plan
Definition
Proposed by Patterson, each state gets 1 vote in unicameral legislature
Term
Great Compromise
Definition
Our current system of bicameral legislature with the current representation system
Term
3/5ths compromise
Definition
slaves worth 3/5s of person in population counts for slave states
Term
the federalist papers
Definition
collection of essays supporting ratificaion of US constitution
Term
Federalist # 10
Definition
Madison's paper favoring factions over special interest groups
Term
Fedralists
Definition
pro-constitution
Term
antifederalists
Definition
localists, tended to be poorer, rural
Term
James Madison
Definition
came up with virginia plan, wrote bill of rights, federalist
Term
Robert Morris
Definition
1st superintendent of finance, mixed public and private funds (making people nervous), watned to make profit for gov't
Term
gouverner Morris
Definition
added "we the people" to the constitution
Term
Sans Souci Club
Definition
English tea party stuff, represented luxury, republicans didn't really like it
Term
Society of the Cincinnati
Definition
military club, hereditary, pissed people off, wasn't hereditary any more
Term
Montesquieu
Definition
argued that democracy doesn't work over a large area
Term
Philadelphia Convention
Definition
rewrote constitution (b/c the articles weren't working out, as evidenced by shays rebellion)
Term
Judiciary act 1789
Definition
proveded for a supreme court with a cheif justice and 5 associate justices
Term
George Washington (in the context of the New Republic)
Definition
favored by people
Term
Farewell Address
Definition
written by Hamilton, favored staying out of foriegn permanent alliances (this was Washington's Farewell address to the people when he left office)
Term
Alexander Hamilton
Definition
secretary of treasury, wanted the US controlled by elites who were were also serving personal greed (tought this would be good)
Term
Bank of the US
Definition
bank with private $ to keep all of federal $ in one place (this was Hamilton's bank)
Term
Federalists
Definition
Hamiltonians--Us immersion into world economy, strong national organizations led by an elite group, order over liberty
Term
Republicans
Definition
Jeffersonians--favor france, more for states' rights
Term
Report on Public Credit
Definition
hamilton's report wherein he addressed public debt and recommended that the Federal gov't pay state debts (fed'l assumption of state debts)
Term
Report on Manufactures
Definition
tried to get gov't to support manufacturing to free the US from foreign independence, watned agrarian tarrifs and bounties to support this shift
Term
Whiskey Rebellion
Definition
Penn. Farmers protest tax on whiskey, gov't won't suprpress rebellion, Washington ended the rebellion
Term
Proclamation of Neutrality
Definition
issued by the US, not honored by britain, who impressed US ships (in their fight against france) and wouldn't get thier goddam troops out of our land
Term
Genet Affair
Definition
Frehcn minster to US authorised an attack on British ships in france's name. He was an idiot.
Term
Jay's Treaty 1794
Definition
JJ wanted $ for impressed ships and stoped impressment, Hamilton screwed it up, got brits to vacate the forts but not to honor neutrality till all debt paid. This pisses the public off.
Term
Pickney Treaty
Definition
opening of the Miss. (which had been given to the Spanish a long time ago) b/c spanish fear a british/US conspiracy against them
Term
Treaty of Greenville
Definition
after Wayne beats up the native americans at the battle of fallen timbers, they give up ohio to the US
Term
Public Land Act 1796
Definition
authorized federal sales of land to the public
Term
XYZ affair
Definition
Bribe thing where pickney tries to renegotioate treaty wtih france, but won't be received. Quazi-war with france initiated.
Term
Quazi-War
Definition
French see Jay's Treaty as affront and seize american ships to use against britain in the war between britain and france.
Term
Alien and Sedition Acts
Definition
Lets the president deport foreigners, voting limit for foreigners, makes criticism of the government a crime, these laws are to silence the Republicans
Term
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Definition
Jefferson and Madison assert states rights to NOT recognize the alien and sedition acts.
Term
Revolution of 1800
Definition
Jefferson becomes president
Term
12th amendment
Definition
seperate electoral college ballots for president and vice president
Term
Barbary States / Barbary Pirates
Definition
screwed up US and european commerce, europeans just paid them, but Jefferson got a treaty getting them to stop
Term
Judiciary act of 1801
Definition
allowed for the midnight judges by creating 16 new judgeships
Term
Louisiana Purchase
Definition
HUGE purchase from france
Term
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Definition
to explore the wet, they found the missouri river to be a good trade river and collected good data
Term
Aaron Burr
Definition
wanted New Jersey and New York Secession, Wilkenson gives him away
Term
Midnight Judges
Definition
Adams appointed judges at the last minute, thaks to the judiciary act of 1801
Term
John Marshal
Definition
Federalist Chief Justice who heard the Marbury v. Madison case
Term
marbury v. madison
Definition
JUDICIAL REVIEW, marbury wants his commission which adams gave him, Jefferson tells madison not to give it to him. Marshall rules that madison doesn't have to give the thing to marbury.
Term
Impressments
Definition
Where british seize the ships and take the soldiers and make them be in the british army
Term
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
Definition
the leaopord (british) commanded the american chesepeake to submit to a search, but they refuse, and the brits open fire
Term
Embargo Act 1807
Definition
stops all US trade to tty to force the brits and the french to obey US neutrality (this was jefferson's plan) it didn't really work out too well
Term
Orders In Council
Definition
Try to stop American "broken voyages" letting france trade with its colonies
Term
Nonintercourse act 1809
Definition
Madison's plan where all trade would be resumed except with GB and france.
Term
Macon's Bill #2
Definition
madison passes macon's bill #2 with carrot and stick provision where he starts out resuming trade with both GB and France, but if one country agrees to neutrality, US stops trade with the other one
Term
Peaceable cercion
Definition
Trying to get European Compliance without going to war
Term
War Hawks
Definition
Pressed Madison to go to war
Term
War of 1812
Definition
war US vs. GB
Term
Hartford Convention
Definition
NE didn't like the war of 1812, want more states rights and more northern power
Term
Quids
Definition
Extreme republicans who thought Jeffersons foreign policy sacrificed virtue for order
Term
Henry Clay (context of war of 1812)
Definition
a war hawk
Term
William Henry Harrison
Definition
General in the West, defeated Tecumse at the battle of Tippecanoe
Term
Tecumseh
Definition
Wanted to establish Native American culture, lost battle of Tippecanoe and went to GB for help
Term
Treaty of Ghent
Definition
ended the war of 1812 pending later discussions on neutral rights
Term
Battle of New Orleans
Definition
battle at the end of the war of 1812 that the Americans win
Term
Fletcher v. Peck
Definition
court case giving georgia land to innocent buyers, upholding the supreme court's rights to rule on the constitutionality of laws
Term
Samuel chase
Definition
a midnight judge who Jefferson wanted out because he said "seditious" things
Term
Yazoo Convention
Definition
Georgia had sold Yazoo illegally, supreme court gave the buyers the land (fletcher v. peck)
Term
Adams-Onis Treaty
Definition
SPain gabe up FLorida to the US for $5 million. THis happened under JQA's rule
Term
Turnpikes
Definition
privately owned, nationally chartered toll roads that weren't effective for commerce but were for personal transportation
Term
Jacob Aster
Definition
NY merchant who set up a fur trading post in the far west. used "mountain men" as fur trappers
Term
"Five Civilized Tribes"
Definition
The civilized of the Indian tribes--wouldn't give up their land easily (they had democracy, some of them, even)
Term
Robert FUlton
Definition
inventor of the steamboat
Term
Erie Canal
Definition
Built during the canal boom during the golden days of steamboat trade
Term
Market Revolution
Definition
instead of just local trade and subsistence, national trade develops with merchant intermediaries
Term
Cotton GIn
Definition
revolutionized slavery in the south
Term
"Putting Out" System
Definition
manufacturing system where merchants bought raw materials from farmers, give them to households, pick them up as finished products, and then sell them
Term
"American System"
Definition
Henry Clays system of high tariffs protecting merchants and stimulating trade, creating a "home market" making the US self-sufficient
Term
Missouri Compromise
Definition
MIssouri enters as slave state, Maine free, 36 (degree sign) 30' line thing established
Term
Tallmadge Amendment
Definition
Changed the Missouri statehood bill that would have banned further introduction of slaves into Missouri, as well as providing for future emancipation of slaves. THis didn't work out
Term
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Definition
New Hampshire can't convert Dartmouth from a private to a public school, rules supreme court. THe old charter still holds so they still get state $$, even.
Term
McColloch v. Woodward
Definition
Maryland was trying to tax a branch of the bank of the United States. Marshall says no.
Term
GIbbons v. Ogden
Definition
NY had granted a monopoly to a ferry, court declares this unconstituitional because it interferes with congress's right to regulate interstate commerce
Term
MOnroe Doctrine
Definition
Regarding new countries rebelling in SPain: US oposes further colonization of the Americas and any European effort to extend their political systems further.
Term
"Mill Girls"
Definition
Worked in textile factories. THey lived in the factories in not great conditions working for not great wages.
Term
The Era of GOod Feeling
Definition
there was only one political party, so it seemed that there was total unity
Term
Preemption RIghts
Definition
=squatters' rights
Term
Universal Manhood Suffrage
Definition
Jackson's america gave this to every white male--not just those with land (although they almost all owned ladn anyhow)
Term
Jacksonian Democracy.
Definition
THe democracy with the total equality and the common man crap
Term
JQA
Definition
Jackson's political opponent. WOn the first election (corrupt bargain) and kept pushing economic reforms that the country wasn't ready for, due to depression
Term
Corrupt Bargain
Definition
Clay gives JQA his support, winning the election for JQA. IN return, JQA makes Henry Clay VP
Term
Spoils System
Definition
Rotation of members of congress and cabinet
Term
PEggy eaton
Definition
Wife of a congressman, supported by Jackson although not accepted by the other wives of the congressmen. THis let Jackson get most of his cabinet out and a new cabinet in (They quit b/c of the peggy eaton thing)
Term
JOhn Calhoun
Definition
VP to Jackson in his first term. Was upset about tarrifs on manufactures, led a rebellion in the south about it
Term
Worcester v. Georgia and Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Definition
Denied the rights of states to extend jurisdiction of indian land. Jackson ignored these rulings and did it anyhow
Term
Trail of Tears
Definition
THe hike that the Cherokee were forced to take away from their homes and west of the Mississippi River.
Term
Indian REmoval
Definition
Jackson goes with the people on this one--they want the indians out of the frontier, and Jackson complies
Term
Nullification Crisis
Definition
Southcarolinia, led by Calhoun, wanted to nullify tariffs on manufactures
Term
Force Bill
Definition
Gave Jackson military power he needed to use force against south Carolina
Term
Bank War
Definition
Jackson attacked the 2nd bank of the US b/c he thought it was elitist
Term
Nicholas Biddle
Definition
HEad of the 2nd bank of the US, had worked to curb US overextension of credit--actually did a pretty good job as head of the bank
Term
Roger Taney
Definition
Sec'y of treasury appointed by jackson to move all funds from the 2nd bank of the US to the pet banks
Term
Specie Circular
Definition
Due to overextension of credit by the pet banks, Jackson decided to make everyone stop using state printed money. ONly specie could be used as $ now
Term
Panic of 1837
Definition
depression caused by the specie circular
Term
Martin Van Buren
Definition
President after Jackson. Faced with the economic crisis. People blamed this on jacksonian democracy. van buren believed in laissez faire, so he wouldn't subsidize anyone, etiher
Term
INdependent Subtreasury
Definition
Van Buren's idea for where to put all the fed. money, INDEPENDENT Of private influence
Term
Tariff of Abominations
Definition
protected manufacturers, pissed off southerners
Term
Webster--Hayne debate
Definition
Webster for states' rights, Hayne for National Sovereignty
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