Focuses on Congress

Members of House of Representatives are given the power of impeachment

President of Senate = Vice President of US

-collecting taxes

-borrowing money on credit of US

-regulation of commerce

-naturalization & bankruptcy

-coin money

-counterfeiting

-post offices & roads

-patents & copyrights

-create courts

-declare war

-create army & navy

-call militia

-govern District of Columbia

-"necessary-and-proper" clause (lets US federal gov. make all laws that are "necessary and proper")

-slave trade

-habeas corpus

-no bill of attainer or ex post facto law

-no interstate tariffs -no preferential treatment for some states -appropriations -no titles of nobility

assumption of debts of Confederation

supremacy of federal laws & treaties

no religious test for qualification for any office under US

Negative View:

Positive View:

Conducted a famous cross-national (U.S. and Britain) study of political participation

Shows that Americans have a stronger sense of civic duty and civic competence, institutional confidence, and sense of patriotism

1. Liberty

2. Equality

3. Democracy

4. Civic duty

5. Individual Responsibility

Revolution over liberty

Distrust of authority and belief in the depravity of human nature --> adversarial culture

Federalist-Jeffersonian transition showed the role of the opposition party

1. Widespread participation permitted by Constitution

2. Absense of established national religion (Puritan heritage = dominant)

3. Family instills the ways we think about world and politics

4. Class consciousnss absent

Animated by deep differences in people's beliefs about private and public morality

Orthodox (rules from God) vs. Progressive (personal freedom)

Exclusionary Rule
(Chapter 5)

Wall of Separation
(Chapter 5)

 •The Constitution and Bill of Rights contain a list of competing rights and duties

•War has been the crisis that has most often restricted the liberty of some minority group

•Conflicts about the meaning of some constitutionally protected freedoms surround the immigration of “new” ethnic, cultural, and/or religious groups

• Upholds 2002 campaign finance reform law
• 2003

• Provisions of the Bill of Rights "fundamental to the American scheme of justice" were made applicable to the states by the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment
• 1968

The philosopher Aristotle

Mills

Alexander Hamilton feared what about the new government?

ch. 1

New England town meeting


ch. 1

• A Supreme Court decision upholding state-enforced racial segregation
• 1896

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 
• An African American interest group active primarily in the courts

• A Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
• Declared that segregated schools were inherently unequal, because they violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment
• 1954

• Document signed by over 100 members of Congress complaining of "abuse of judicial power" in Brown v. Board decision
• 1956

Offering the races an equal chance at desired things

• Landmark case declaring gender discrimination violates the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and asserting the reasonableness standard for such discrimination
• 1971

Equality of Results

ch. 6

Rostker v. Goldberg

• A ruling that held that Congress may draft men but not women
• 1981

• A ruling that declared all state laws prohibiting abortion unconstitutional
• 1973

• National Organization for Women 
• A leading feminist organization

Nonviolent Civil Disobedience

ch. 6

• Starts when a group is denied access to facilities, opportunities, or services available to other groups, usually along ethnic or racial lines
• Issue is whether differences in treatment are "reasonable"

African American civil rights movement did what?

ch. 6

• Main points: employment and public accommodations
• Broad in scope, strong enforcement mechanisms
• Johnson moves after Kennedy assassination
• Discharge petition, cloture invoked
• Effects: dramatic rise in African American voting & mood of Congress shifted to pro-civil rights

• Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools
• 1971

• Gender discrimination can only be justified if it serves "important governmental objectives" and is "substantially related to those objectives"
• 1976

• State may not finance an all-male military school
• 1996

• Allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable
• 1989

• Reaffirmed Roe v. Wade but upheld certain limits on its use
• 1992

• States may not ban partial birth abortions if they fail to allow an exception to protect the health of the mother
• 2000

• Despite the ban on racial classifications in the 1964 Civil Rights Act, this case upheld the use of race in an employent agreement between the steelworkers union and steel plant
• 1979

• In a confused set of rival opinions, the decisive vote was cast by Justice Powell, who said that a quotalike ban on Bakke's admission was unconstitutional but that "diversity" was a legitimate goal that could be pursued by taking race into account
• Related to the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment
• 1978

• Affirmative action plans must be judged by the strict scrutiny standard that requires any race-conscious plan to be narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest
• 1989

• Numerical benefits cannot be used to admit minorities into college, but race can be a "plus factor" in making those decisions
• 2003

• State law may not ban sexual relations between same-gender partners
• 2003

• A private organization may ban homosexuals from its membership
• 2000

How people think or feel about particular things.

 - Not easy to measure
 - The opinions of active and knowledgeable people carry more weight

Poll
[Ch. 7]

Random Sample
Ch. 7

How Opinions Differ
Ch. 7

How Liberals and Conservatives Differ
[Public Opinion] Ch. 7

White southerners were once more conservative than other regions regarding aid to minorities, legalizing marijuana, school busing, and rights of the accused

Southerners are now significantly less Democratic than they were for most of the 20th century

[image]

White Primaries

ch. 8

Democrats

ch. 8

• 630,000 new voters in two months
• Accounted for almost 40% of applications in 2001-2002
• Scant evidence of impact on turnout or election outcomes

1. Literacy test
2. Poll tax
3. White primaries
4. Grandfather clauses
5. Intimidation of African American voters

Verba and Nie's six types of participants:

ch. 8

1. Inactives
2. Voting specialists
3. Campaigners
4. Communalists
5. Parochial participants
6. Complete activists

Political Party

Ch. 9

A party is a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office

 - By supplying them with a label (party identification), by which they are known to the electorate.

 - United States parties have become weaker as labels, sets of leaders, and organizations.

Have political parties in the United States become weaker or stronger?

 ch.9

They have become weaker.

There has been a decline in all three arenas in which a party exists: as a label, as organizations, and as sets of leaders.

Why the striking differences between the American and European political parties?

ch. 9

Unlike European parties, there isn't a whole lot Americans do to "join" a party, other than voting primarily for candidates of that party.

The federal system decentralizes power in U.S.

In the U.S., parties are closely regulated by state and federal laws, which weaken them

In the U.S., candidates are now chosen through primaries, not by party leaders

4 Broad Periods of Party History (In the United States)

ch. 9

When political parties were created
(c. Founding --> 1820's)

When the more or less stable two-party system emerged
(c. the time of President Jackson --> the Civil War)

When parties developed a comprehensive organizational form

(c. Civil War --> the 1930's)

When party "reform" began to alter the party system

(Beginning in the earl 1900's but taking effect cheifly since the New Deal.)

Arenas is Which Political Parties Exist

ch. 9

Label- in the minds of the voters

Organization- recruiting and campaigning for candidates

Set of leaders- organize and try to control the legislative and executive branches

1st Period of the History of U.S. Parites: The Founding

ch. 9

Timeframe: The Founding to the 1820's

Founders disliked parties, viewing them as factions.

For parties to be acceptable, people had to be able to distinguish between policy disputes and challenges to the legitimacy of government.

Emergence of Republicans, Federalists: Jefferson vs. Hamilton
    - Loose caucuses of political notables

 - No representation of homogeneous economic interests—parties were always heterogeneous coalitions

2nd Period of the History of U.S. Parties: The Jacksonians

ch. 9

Timeframe: The Jacksonians to the Civil War

*Political participation became a mass phenomenon.*

 - More voter to be reached: but 1832, presidential electors were selected by popular vote in most states.

 - Party built from bottom up

 - No longer had caucuses composed of members of Congress nominate presidential candidate (this was replaced by the Party Convention.)

3rd Period of the History of U.S. Parites: The Civil War & Sectionalism

ch. 9

Timeframe: The Civil War & Sectionalism to the 1930's

Jacksonian system unable to survive slavery and sectionalism

New Republicans became dominant because of…
  - Civil War—Republicans relied on Union pride
  - Bryan’s alienation of northern Democrats in 1896, deepening sectionalism

Most states were dominated by one party
 - Factions emerged within each party
 - Republicans broke into professional politicians (Old Guard) and progressives (mugwumps)
 - Progressives initially shifted between parties to gain power, but then began attacking partisanship when the Republicans became dominant

Mugwumps (or Progressives)

ch. 9

4th Period of the History of U.S. Parites: The Era of Reform

ch. 9

Timeframe: Beginning in the 1900's, but chiefly since the New Deal.

Progressives pushed measures to curtail parties’ power and influence.
  a) Primary elections favored, to replace nominating conventions
  b) Nonpartisan elections at city and (sometimes) state level
  c) No party-business alliances, on the grounds that they were corrupting
  d) Strict voter registration requirements in order to reduce fraud
  e) Civil service reform in order to eliminate patronage
  f) Initiative and referendum so that citizens could vote directly on proposed legislation

Effects
  a) Reduced the worst forms of political corruption
  b) Weakened all political parties—parties became less able to hold officeholders accountable or to coordinate across the branches of government

Congressional Campaign Committee

ch. 9

Critical or Realignment Period

ch. 9

Ideological Party

ch. 9

National Chairman

ch. 9

National Committee

ch. 9

National Convention

ch. 9

Personal Following

ch. 9

Plurality System

ch. 9

Political Machine

ch. 9

ch. 9

Split Ticket

ch. 9

Sponsored Party

ch. 9

Straight Ticket

ch. 9

Superdelegates

ch. 9

Two-Party System

ch. 9

Direct Mail

ch. 10

Red States

ch. 10

Blue States

ch. 10

Visual

ch. 10

Talking Heads

ch. 10

Democrats

ch. 10

Republican

ch. 10

Independent

ch. 10

Soft Money

ch. 10

Sophomore Surge

ch. 10

Political Action Committee (PAC)

ch. 10

Primary Election

ch. 10

Caucus (electoral)

ch. 10

General Election

ch. 10

An election used to fill an elective office

Closed Primary

ch. 10

Open Primary

ch. 10

Blanket Primary

ch. 10

Runoff Primary

ch. 10

527 Organizations

ch. 10

Incumbent

ch. 10

Malapportionment

ch. 10

Gerrymandering

ch. 10

Position Issue

ch. 10

Presidential Primary

ch. 10

Prospective Voting

ch. 10

Retrospective Voting

ch. 10

Spots

ch. 10

Valence Issue

ch. 10

Getting Nominated

ch. 10

1. Getting a name on the ballot

2. An individual effort (versus organizational effort in Europe)

3. Parties play a minor role (compared with Europe)

4. Parties used to play a major role

Differences between Presidential and Congressional Elections

ch. 10

1. Presidential races are more competitive

2. Fewer people vote in congressional elections

3. Congressional incumbents can service their constituents

4. Congressional candidates can duck responsibility

5. Benefit of presidential coattails has declined

Running for president involves ...

ch. 10

1. Getting mentioned

2. Setting aside time to run

3. Background of candidate can make a difference

4. Money

5. Organization

6. Strategy and themes

Getting elected to Congress

ch. 10

1. Can involve malapportionment or gerrymandering

2. Establishing the size of the House

3. Winning the primary (incumbent advantage)

4. Sophomore surge

5. Impact of the way we elect individuals to Congress

What are the two kinds of campaign issues?

ch. 10

1. Position issues

2. Valence issues

What is the source of presidential primaries money?

ch. 10

What is the source for presidential general elections money?

ch. 10

What is the source for congressional elections money?

ch. 10

Reform Law

ch. 10

• Set limit on individual donations ($2,000 per election)
• Reaffirmed ban on corporate and union donations, but allowed them to raise money through PAC's
• Set limit on PAC donations
• Federal tax money made available for primaries and general election campaigns

What groups are loyal to the Democrats?

ch. 10

1. African Americans most loyal

2. Jews slipping somewhat

3. Hispanics somewhat mixed

4. Catholics, southerners, unionists departing the coalition lately

What groups are loyal to the Republican party?

ch. 10

1. Party of business and professional people

2. Very loyal, defecting only in 1964

3. Usually wins vote of poor because of retired, elderly voters

Miranda v. Arizona

• The Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right to remain silent prior to questioning by police, because of the due process clause in the 14th Amendment
• 1966

Baker v. Carr

• Mayor Baker of Nashville brought suit, saying that the apportionment denied voters of urban areas equal protection of the law as guaranteed by the 14th Amendment
• Supreme Court decided that reapportionment issues (attempts to change the way voting districts are delineated) present questions appropriate for judicial resolution, thus enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide reapportionment cases.

• Decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" may not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as federal courts
• Related to the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment
• 1961

• Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required by the 6th and 14th Amendments (both due process and equal protection) of the Constitution to provide lawyers in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys
• Ensured that the exercise of constitutional rights did not depend on one's wealth
• 1963

Why interest groups so common

in the US: 3 Reasons

[chap. 11]

1. Many kinds of cleavages in the country mean that there are many different interests.

2. Constitution provides many access points to government.

3. Political parties are weak so interests work directly on government

Ideological Interest Group

[chap. 11]

Political organization that attracts members by appealing to their political convictions or principles.

Incentive

[chap. 11]

Material Incentive

[chap. 11]

Many things valued in monetary terms.

{money, things, services}

Solidary Incentive

[chap. 11]

Political Cue

[chap. 11]

A signal telling a legislator what values are at stake in a vote, and how that issue fits with his or her own political views or party agenda.

Purposive Incentives

[chap. 11]

 A benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle.

{goal/purpose of the organization itself}

Ratings

[chap. 11]

Social Movement

[chap. 11]

A widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order.

Public-Interest Lobby

[chap. 11]

Why the Rise of Interest Groups?

- 4 Factors -

[chap. 11]

1. Broad economic developments that create new interests and redefine old ones. (e.g. Craftsmen --> Industries operated by large corporations)

2. Government Policy. (e.g. Wars create veterans, government controls the professional societies that decide who can become a lawyer, doctor, etc.)

3. Political Organizations don't emerge on their own- someone has to exercise leadership, often at a substantial personal cost. These leaders are found in greater numbers at certain times than in others, usually young, caught up on a social movement and a need for change.

4. The more activities that government undertakes, the more organized groups there will be that are interested in those activities. 

Institutional Interests

{a type of interest group}

[chap. 11]

Institutional interests are individuals or organizations representing other organizations.

General Motors, for example, has a Washington respresentative.

Over 500 firms have such representatives in the capitol, most of whom have opened their offices since 1970.

Firms that don't want to open a full-time office in Washington typically hire a lawyer or public relations expert, part time.

Can represent buiness firms, governments, foundations and universities.

Official Secrets Act

ch. 12

Freedom of Information Act

ch. 12

Gatekeeper

ch. 12

Associated Press

ch. 12

"Yellow Journalism"

ch. 12

Visuals

ch. 12

FCC

ch. 12

• Federal Communications Commission
• The government agency charged with regulating the electronic media