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| any power that is not given to the federal government is given to the people or the states.-gave the states reserved powers |
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| addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws |
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| prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." |
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| allows the federal (United States) government to levy (collect) an income tax from all Americans. Income tax allows for the federal government to keep an army, build roads and bridges, enforce laws and carry out other important duties. |
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| established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states |
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| gave women the right to vote |
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| prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble |
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| ensures that no person can be elected to more than two four-year terms as President of the United States |
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| abolished the poll tax for all federal elections |
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| deals with succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, as well as responding to Presidential disabilities |
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| The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age,The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. |
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| the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause |
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| section of the Bill of Rights that guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, a fair jury, an attorney if the accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses who is accusing the defendant of a crime |
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| vote cast by someone who is unable or unwilling to attend the official polling station or to which the voter is normally allocated |
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| the policy or action of using vigorous campaigning to bring about political or social change |
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| knowledge that the information was false" or that it was published "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not |
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| a power of the United States Senate to be consulted on and approve treaties signed and appointments made by the President of the United States to public positions, including Cabinet secretaries, federal judges, United States Attorneys, and ambassadors |
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| the process whereby the mass media determine what we think and worry about |
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| an impartial adviser, often voluntary, to a court of law in a particular case |
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| a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution |
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| established a precedent that the United States Bill of Rights could not be applied to state governments |
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| Bipartisan Reform act (McCain-Feingold) |
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| United States federal law that amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, which regulates the financing of political campaigns |
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| a grant from a central government that a local authority can allocate to a wide range of services |
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| The court ruled that giving money to a political campaign was a form of free speech and threw out some stringent federal regulations on fundraising and election spending |
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| a public office or position of authority that provides its occupant with an outstanding opportunity to speak out on any issue |
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| a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives |
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| main source of federal aid to state and local government, can be used only for specific purposes and for helping education or categories of state and local spending |
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| A system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service |
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| This case banned the presidential use of a line-item veto as a violation of legislative powers |
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| (in a legislative assembly) a procedure for ending a debate and taking a vote |
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| the tendency for a popular political party leader to attract votes for other candidates of the same party in an election |
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| the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes |
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| A device used in the House of Representatives to expedite the passage of legislation. The quorum is reduced from 218 members to 100 |
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| Members of Congress are assigned to committees to investigate the merits and problems with suggested bills, sometimes holding public hearings to learn more before sending it to the full House or Senate for debate and a vote |
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| powers that are shared by both the State and the federal government |
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| a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons as the basis for his or her decision |
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| a committee of the United States Congress appointed by the House of Representatives and Senate to resolve disagreements on a particular bill |
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| a process whereby congress can nullify agency regulations by a joint resolution of legislative disapproval |
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| national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems |
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| the majority party is often displaced by the minority party |
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| the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level |
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| a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office |
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| a means of bringing a bill out of committee and to the floor for consideration without a report from the committee and usually without cooperation of the leadership by "discharging" the committee from further consideration of a bill or resolution |
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Definition
| government spending implemented through an appropriations bill. This spending is an optional part of fiscal policy, in contrast to entitlement programs for which funding is mandatory |
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| an opinion in a legal case written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives rise to its judgment |
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| describes a situation in which one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of the United States Congress |
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| A controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1857, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War. Dred Scott, a slave, sought to be declared a free man on the basis that he had lived for a time in a “free” territory with his master |
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| referred to as divided sovereignty, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the federal government |
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| acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the Government outside the sanction of law |
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| a refundable tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and couples, particularly those with children. The amount of EITC benefit depends on a recipient's income and number of children |
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| A belief that the system will respond to a citizen's demands.Confidence in a citizen's own abilities to understand and take part in political affairs. |
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| a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president |
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| the advocacy or existence of an elite as a dominating element in a system or society |
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| This landmark case prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools. |
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| a government program that guarantees certain benefits to a particular group or segment of the population |
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| part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws". |
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| the clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress |
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| a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial |
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| an international agreement, usually regarding routine administrative matters not warranting a formal treaty, made by the executive branch of the US government without ratification by the Senate |
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| Federal Election Campaign act (FECA) |
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Definition
| United States federal law regulating political campaign spending and fundraising. The law originally focused on increase disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns |
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Definition
| the governing body of the Federal Reserve System. The seven members of the board of governors are appointed by the president, subject to confirmation by the Senate |
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| an essay written by James Madison as the tenth of The Federalist Papers, a series of essays initiated by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution |
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| an action such as a prolonged speech that obstructs progress in a legislative assembly while not technically contravening the required procedures |
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| the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy |
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| allows Members of Congress to transmit mail matter under their signature without postage |
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| section of the First Amendment that states Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof |
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| distribute or allocate (costs, effort, etc.) unevenly, with the greater proportion at the beginning of an enterprise or process usually refers to the news reported |
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| manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class |
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| landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation |
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| This was a powerful repudiation of Betts v. Brady. Here, the Warren court strongly holds that all state governments must provide an attorney in all cases for those who can't afford one |
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| This case created the "Bad Tendency Doctrine," which held that speech could be restricted even if it only has a tendency to lead to illegal action. Though this element of the decision was quite restrictive, Gitlow also selectively incorporated freedom of speech to state governments |
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| reveal details about a previously private concern |
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| Gramm-Rudman-Hollings act |
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Definition
| Acts aimed to cut the United States federal budget deficit, which at the time, in dollar term, was the largest in history |
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Definition
| an approach that separates itself from direct lobbying through the act of asking the general public to contact legislators and government officials concerning the issue at hand, as opposed to conveying the message to the legislators directly |
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| cause (a situation or opposing parties) to come to a point where no progress can be made because of fundamental disagreement. |
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| The Constution never explicitly grants Americans a right to privacy, but the Court discovers one in this landmark and controversial case. Writing for the majority, Justice William O. Douglas noted that amendments like the Third, Fourth, and Ninth all cast "penumbras and emanations" which showed that the Founders really had intended for a right to privacy all along |
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| An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities, is a United States federal law whose main provision prohibits employees in the executive branch of the federal government, except the president, vice-president, and certain designated high-level officials of that branch, from engaging in some forms of political activity |
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| political journalism of elections that resembles coverage of horse races because of the focus on polling data, public perception instead of candidate policy, and almost exclusive reporting on candidate differences rather than similarities |
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| believe the groups are too strong and they suppress the power of the government |
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| act by a President of the United States of not spending money that has been appropriated by the U.S. Congress |
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| More likely to be voted into office again rather then a new person due to time in office |
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| Independent regulatory commissions |
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Definition
| a regulatory agency that is independent from other branches or arms of the government |
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| a unique relationship between the bureaucracy, congressmen, and lobbyists that results in the mutual benefit of all three of them |
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| theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. It asserts that judges should hesitate to strike down laws unless they are obviously unconstitutional |
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| review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act |
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| the extent of the power to make legal decisions and judgments |
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| a veto exercised by a legislature nullifying or reversing an action, decision, etc., of the executive branch |
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| three-part test enunciated in Lemon v. Kurtzman which is used to asses whether a law violates the Establishment Clause |
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| a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation |
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| the power of a president, governor, or other elected executive to reject individual provisions of a bill |
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| the practice of exchanging favors, especially in politics by reciprocal voting for each other's proposed legislation |
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| By 1961, the Exclusionary Rule meant that any unlawfully gathered evidence could not be introduced in federal court, but such evidence was introduced all the time in state courts. The Mapp case extended the Exclusionary Rule to the states, increasing the protections for defendents |
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| Established judicial review |
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| established the Judicial branch as a co-equal branch of the US government, affirmed the doctrine of judicial review, asserted the supremacy of the federal government over state sovereignty |
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| The Court ruled that states did not have the power to tax the national bank (and, by extension, the federal government). This decision reinforced the supremecy clause of the Constitution, which states that the Constitution "and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof...shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding |
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| method for determining whether someone qualifies for a financial-assistance program |
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| the combining of two or more companies (in this case newspaper, news), generally by offering the stockholders of one company securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock |
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| joint federal and state program that helps low-income individuals or families pay for the costs associated with long-term medical and custodial care, provided they qualify |
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| federal health insurance program for people who are 65 or older, certain younger people with disabilities, and people with End-Stage Renal Disease |
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| involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity |
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| the action of searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way |
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| a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states |
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| A program that is not based on income or means on the recipient |
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| If a newspaper prints an article that turns out to be false but that the newspaper thought was true at the time of publication, has the newsaper committed libel? This case said no |
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| In this case, the Court held that executive efforts to prevent the publication violated the First Amendment were forbidden |
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| the action of overseeing something |
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| an organization that raises money privately to influence elections or legislation, especially at the federal level |
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| a list of the values and actions which are supported by a political party or individual candidate, in order to appeal to the general public, for the ultimate purpose of garnering the general public's support and votes about complicated topics or issues |
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| refers to cases in which an individual's stance on a given issue, policy, or person is more likely to be strictly defined by their identification with a particular political party or ideology |
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| the switching of voter preference from one party to another |
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| Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support. |
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| established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation |
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| politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government, but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence |
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noun: pocket veto; plural noun: pocket vetoes
an indirect veto of a legislative bill by the president or a governor by retaining the bill unsigned until it is too late for it to be dealt with during the legislative session |
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| A party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage. |
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| study of the developmental processes by which people of all ages and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes, and behaviors |
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| the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district |
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| a previous case or legal decision that may be or ( binding precedent ) must be followed in subsequent similar cases |
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| Proportional representation |
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| an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them |
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| donations from the general tax revenues to the campaigns of qualifying presidential candidates |
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| the reallocation of the number of seats in the house of representatives after each decennial census |
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| a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced |
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| the redrawing of congressional districts to reflect population changes or for political advantage |
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| a legislative committee responsible for expediting the passage of bills |
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| established that speech which evokes "a clear and present danger" is not permissible. he famously used the example of someone falsely yelling "fire!" in a crowded theater as an example of prohibited speech |
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| constitutional doctrine that ensures states cannot enact laws that take away the constitutional rights of American citizens that are enshrined in the Bill of Rights, slow process of incorporating parts of the bill of rights by the states |
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| a custom whereby presidential appointments are confirmed only if there is no objection to them by the senators from the appointee's state |
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| Separate But Equal Doctrine |
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| racially segregated but ostensibly ensuring equal opportunities to all races |
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| followers protested the foreclosures of farms for debt and briefly succeeded in shutting down the court system |
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| Single-day, Tuesday voting |
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Definition
| a day in the us where people are given time off of work to go vote for the upcoming presidential election |
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Definition
| electoral district that returns one officeholder to a body with multiple members such as a legislature |
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| any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income |
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| a form of propaganda, achieved through providing an interpretation of an event or campaign to persuade public opinion in favor or against a certain organization or public figure |
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| Separate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas |
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| the legal principle of determining points in litigation according to precedent |
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| a sample that is drawn from a number of separate strata of the population, rather than at random from the whole population, in order that it should be representative |
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| a literal interpretation of a statute or document by a court |
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| form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws |
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| an unelected delegate who is free to support any candidate for the presidential nomination at the party's national convention |
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| provides temporary financial assistance for pregnant women and families with one or more dependent children |
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| invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag |
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| A vote for candidates of different political parties on the same ballot, instead of for candidates of only one party |
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Definition
| No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance |
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Definition
| type of poll repeated periodically with the same group of people to check and measure changes of opinion or knowledge |
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| statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements |
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| Congress claimed that there was no such thing as executive privilege as it went after tapes that President Nixon had made of all his conversations in the Oval Office. The Court disagreed and allowed for executive privilege. But they forbid its usage in criminal cases, which meant that Nixon ultimately did have to turn over the tapes. |
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| allows Congress to limit the President's use of military forces, It states that the President must tell Congress within 48 hours if he sends armed forces anywhere, and Congress must give approval for them to stay there for more than 90 days |
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| The US supreme court under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969); an activist court that expanded the rights of criminal defendants and racial and religious minorities |
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| the candidate who wins the most votes wins all the delegates at stake |
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| certain appellate proceedings for re-examination of actions of a trial court, or inferior appeals court |
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