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Swann v Charlottes- Mcklenberg |
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Once violations of previous mandates directed at desegregating schools had occurred, the scope of district courts' equitable powers to remedy past wrongs were broad and flexible. |
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| The Court held that the University of Michigan's use of racial preferences in undergraduate admissions violates both the Equal Protection Clause and Title VI. |
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Racial quotas in college admissions are not permissible, although a state interest in diversity can be compelling |
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upheld state-imposed racial segregation |
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Webster v Reproductive Health |
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none of the challenged provisions of the Missouri legislation infringed upon the right to privacy or the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
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The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy (recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut) protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. |
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establish a right to privacy |
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Planned Parenthood v Casey |
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upheld roe, except for husband notification clause |
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Gideon had a right to be represented by a court-appointed attorney and, in doing so, overruled its 1942 decision of Betts v. Brady. |
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standards of decency have evolved so that executing minors is "cruel and unusual punishment" |
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a punishment of death did not violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments under all circumstances |
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The Court's one-page per curiam opinion held that the imposition of the death penalty in these cases constituted cruel and unusual punishment and violated the Constitution |
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he Court determined the constitutionality of Alabama's prayer and meditation statute by applying the secular purpose test, which asked if the state's actual purpose was to endorse or disapprove of religion. The Court held that Alabama's passage of the prayer and meditation statute was not only a deviation from the state's duty to maintain absolute neutrality toward religion, but was an affirmative endorsement of religion. |
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Heart of Atlanta Motel v US |
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Have to have lawyer provided to you if you cannot afford. |
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The Court brushed aside the First Amendment issue and declared that "all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by [the Fourth Amendment], inadmissible in a state court. |
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congress no authority to restrict spread of slavery into federal territory |
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| individual's interests in the free exercise of religion under the First Amendment outweighed the State's interests in compelling school attendance beyond the eighth grade. |
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| Left to the state to decide |
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the Court reasoned that the expletive, while provocative, was not directed toward anyone; besides, there was no evidence that people in substantial numbers would be provoked into some kind of physical action by the words on his jacket. |
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compelling public schoolchildren to salute the flag was unconstitutional. |
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it was appropriate for the school to prohibit the use of vulgar and offensive language. |
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Johnson's burning of a flag was protected expression under the First Amendment. (symbolic speech) |
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Yes the Nixon administration's efforts to prevent the publication of what it termed "classified information" violate the First Amendment |
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no state shall deny (14th Amendment). On the merits, a state may forbid both speech and publication if they have a tendency to result in action dangerous to public security, even though such utterances create no clear and present danger. |
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mailed circulars to draftees was not constitutional |
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The wearing of armbands was "closely akin to 'pure speech'" and protected by the First Amendment. |
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Everson v. Board of Education |
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A New Jersey law allowed reimbursements of money to parents who sent their children to school on buses operated by the public transportation system. Children who attended Catholic schools also qualified for this transportation subsidy.
did not violate constitution |
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The required activities encroached on both the Free Exercise Clause and the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment since the readings and recitations were essentially religious ceremonies and were "intended by the State to be so. |
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obscene materials did not enjoy First Amendment protection. (miller test - whether speech is protected or unprotected under free speech. Has to have redeeming value if obscene. Apply community standards) |
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(lemon test) (1st and 14th amendent)
Yes the Rhode Island and Pennsylvania statutes violate the First Amendment's Establishment Clause by making state financial aid available to "church- related educational institutions
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Neither the prayer's nondenominational character nor its voluntary character saves it from unconstitutionality. |
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The Court held that Georgia's apportionment scheme grossly discriminated against voters in the Fifth Congressional District. |
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The Court held that although North Carolina's reapportionment plan was racially neutral on its face, the resulting district shape was bizarre enough to suggest that it constituted an effort to separate voters into different districts based on race |
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It held that restrictions on individual contributions to political campaigns and candidates did not violate the First Amendment. |
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legislative apportionment was a justiciable issue. Brennan concluded that the Fourteenth Amendment equal protection issues which Baker and others raised in this case merited judicial evaluation
Not a political issue, but it's under the supreme court's jurisdiction. |
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The Court sided with the government and held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights. |
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The Court held that Congress had the power to incorporate the bank and that Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers. |
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Unconstitutional: The possession of a gun in a local school zone is not an economic activity that might, through repetition elsewhere, have a substantial effect on interstate commerce. |
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Taney reached the conclusion that no person descended from an American slave had ever been a citizen for Article III purposes. |
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Fed gov. Controls interstate commerce. The Court found that New York's licensing requirement for out-of-state operators was inconsistent with a congressional act regulating the coasting trade. The New York law was invalid by virtue of the Supremacy Clause. |
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The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution's Bill of Rights restricts only the powers of the federal government and not those of the state governments. |
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