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AP Final
(Ch.10,11,and 12)
42
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/11/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
axon
Definition
transmits impulses and releases neurotransmitters to another neuron or effector
Term
cell body
Definition
contains nucleus
Term
dendrite
Definition
receiving ends
Term
schwann cells
Definition
(neuroglia) encase axons with lipids and proteins-myelin- PNS
Term
neurilemma
Definition
surrounds the myelin sheath
Term
nodes of ranvier
Definition
gaps between Schwann cells
Term
mutipolor neurons
Definition
99% of neurons, many processes, and most neurons of the CNS
Term
unipolor neurons
Definition
One processs, ganglia of PNS, sensory
Term

 

bipolar neurons

Definition
Two processes, eyes, ears, nose
Term

, saltatory conduction

Definition
faster than impulses along unmyelinated axons; speed up neurotansmission
Term
convergence,
Definition
neurons receives input from several neurons,
incoming impulses represent information from different types of sensory receptors,
allows nervous system to collect, proccess, nd respond to information,
makes it possible for a neuron to sum impulses from different sources
Term

divergence

Definition
one neuron sends impulses to several neurons
can simplify an impulse
impulse from a single neuron in CNS may be amplified to activate enough motor units needed for muscle contraction
Term

 

 

- Functions of the nervous system

Definition
detect changes in the body, make decisions, stimulate glands or muscles, and help maintain homeostasis
Term

 

 

- Divisions of the nervous system

Definition

Central Nervous System(CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Term

- 3 types of neurons

Definition
Sensory- afferent, carry impulse to CNS, mostly unipolor, some are bipolar
Interneurons- link neurons, relay information, multipolar, located in CNS
Motor- multipolor, carry impulses away from the CNS, carry impulses to effectors
Term

- Types and functions of neuroglial cells

Definition
Astrocytes- CNS, connect neurons to blood vessels, aid metabolism of certain substances(glucose), scar tissue, induce synapse formation, part of blood brain barrier
Oligodendrocytes- CNS, myelinating cell
Microglia- CNS, phagocytic cell, proliferate in response to injury
Ependyma or ependymal- CNS, ciliated, line central canal of spinal cord, line ventricles of brain
PNS neuroglial cells- Schwann cells(produce myelin found on the peripheral myelinated neurons, speed up neurotransmitters), Satellite cells(support clusters of neuron cell bodies-ganglia)
Term

White v/s gray matter

Definition
White- contains myelinated axons, considered fiber tracts, epidermal
Gray- contains unmyelinated structures, cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelated axons, internal, thick, 1 to 5 mm
Term

Understand all aspects of synaptic transmission

Definition
The neurotransmitter must be synthesized and stored into the vesicles so when the action potential arrives, it can easily move to the next neuron. Once arrived, the neurotransmitter must be quickly released from the terminal into the post sypnatic cleft. Next, the neurotransmitter must be recongized by receptors on the post synaptic membrane . Lastly, the neurotransmitter must be inactivated in the case that a new action potential comes around. If not inactivated the neurotransmitter can block the new action potential from coming through or reoccupy the receptor constantly
Term

Action potential versus resting potential

Definition
ACTION= Sodium is entering the the cell and potassium is leaving, the cell is being depolarized
RESTING- potassium is entering and sodium is leaving, making the cell polarized. The difference btw the inside and outside of the cell is considered -70m V
Term

cerebrospinal fluid

Definition
made in choroid plexuses serves as cushion for the brain
Term

choroid plexuses

Definition
tiny, reddish cauliflower like masses of specialized capillaries from the pia mater; secrete CSF
Term
association areas
Definition
regions that are not primary motor or primary sensory areas
widespread throughout the cerebral cortex
analyze and interpret sensory experiences
provide memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment, emotions
Term
broca’s area
Definition
anterior to primary motor cortex, usually in left hemisphere, controls muscles needed for speech
Term

wernicke’s area

Definition
Sensory speech area- temporal/parietal lobe, usually left hemis.,understanding and formulating language
Term

- Layers of meninges

Definition
Dura mater- made up of layer of dense connective tissue, endosteum, skull,outermost layer,blood vessels and nerves, dural cavities, attaches to the cranial cavity
Arachnoid- between dura and pia, doesnt have blood vessels, thin stands connect arachnoide and pia mater, subarchnoid space
Pia mater- most inner layer, has choroid plexsuses, follows irregular contours, attaches to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, has blood vessels and nerves
Term
- Function of the ventricles *
Definition
Interconnected cavities within cerebral hemispheres and brain stems; 1st- left; 2nd-right(both extend anteriorly and posteriorly into the hemispheres)3rd- communicates with the lateral ventricles through openings in its anterior end; 4th- in the brainstem, connects to the 3rd ventricle
Term

- Functions of the spinal cord

Definition
center for spinal reflexes, conduit(pathway) for impulses to and from the brain
Term
- Pathway of a reflex arc
Definition
receptor to sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron to effector
Term

- Functions of the brain, cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

Definition
Brain: Interprets sensations, determines perception, stores memory, reasoning, making decisions, coordinates muscular movements, regulates visceral activities, and determines personality
Cerebrum: Interpreting impulses, initiating voluntary movements, storing information as memory, retrieving stored information, reasoning, and seat of intelligence and personality
Cerebellum: integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts, coordinates skeletal muscle activity, maintains posture
Term

Know the sensory areas of the cerebrum

Definition
Cutaneous- parietal lobe, interprets sensation on skin
Sensory speech( Wernicke's area)- temporal/parietal lobe, usually left hemisphere, understanding aand formulating language
Visual- occiptal lobe, interprets vision
Auditory- temporal lobe, interprets hearing
Taste- near base of the cenral sulcus
Smell- arises from centers deep within the cerebrum
Term

- Functions of the following Diencephalon structures: Thalamus,

hypothalamus,

infundibulum,

pituitary,

pineal gland

Definition
Thalamus- gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex, receives all sensory impulses(except smell), channels impulses to appropiate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation
Hypothalamus- maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities, links nervous and endocrine systems(some say the neuroendocrine system)
Pituary gland- maintain homeostasis, temp. control
Term

- Functions of the Limbic system,

including the amygdala

and the hippocampus

Definition
Controls emotions, produce feelings, and interprets sensory impulses associated with smell
Term

- Divisions of the peripheral nervous system: Somatic v/s Autonomic

Definition
Somatic- cranial and spinal nerves fibers that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles(conscious activities)
Autonomic- fibers that connect to CNS to viscera such as the heart, stomach, intestines, and various glands, controls subconscious actions
Term

mechanoreceptors

Definition
detect movement
Ex. touch,pressure,vibration
Term

chemoreceptors

Definition
detect chemicals
Ex. Odors
Term

photoreceptors

Definition
Detect light
Term

thermoreceptors,

Definition
detect temperature change
Term

nociceptors

Definition
detect pain
Term

- Know the structures of the eye

Definition
Accessory Structures- Eyebrow(protects from sweat and shade from sun); Eyelid/Eyelashes(protects from foreign objects and lubricates by blinking); Conjunctiva(thin membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid); Lacrimal apparatus(produces tears); Extrinsic eye muscles(help move eyeball)
Term
- Understand how light passes through the eye
Definition
Cornea- Aqueous Humor(Anterior cavity)-Pupil- Lens- Viqueous Humor(Posterior cavity)-Retina(horizontal and bipolar cells)- Ganglian cells-optic nerve
Term

- Know the structures of the ear

Definition
Term

- Understand how sound waves pass through the ear

Definition
auricle-external auditory meatus -typanic membrane-malleus, incus, stapes-oval window-organ of coth- cochlea-temporal lobe
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