Shared Flashcard Set

Details

AP Exam 3 Chapters 7,8,9
study guide
95
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/27/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
epiphysis
Definition
At each end of a long bone is an expanded portion; end of long bone;mainly spongy bone
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft of the bone; alot of compact bone; has the medullar cavity
Term
metaphysis,
Definition
widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis
Term
compact bone
Definition
cortical bone, wall of the diaphysis is mainly composed of tighlty packed tissue; has osteons
Term
spongy bone,
Definition
cancellous bone, in the epiphyses that have thin layers of compact bone on their surfaces; made of trabeculae
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
on its outer surface, the articulating portion of the epiphysis is coated with a layer of hyaline cartilage
Term
periosteum
Definition
tough, vascular covering of dense connective tissue; surrounds the bone
Term
endosteum,
Definition
a thin memmbrane containing bone forming cells; inner lining of medullar cavity
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
semirigid tube with a hollow chamber; found in the compact bone in the diaphysis of a long bone; where yellow bone marrow is found
Term
trabeculae
Definition
branching bony plates; found in spongy bone
Term
red bone marrow
Definition
deals with blood vessels
Term
yellow bone marrow
Definition
deals with fat
Term
osteocytes
Definition
Mature bone cells;transport nutrients and wastes
Term
extracellular matrix of bone
Definition

 

 

largely collagen and inorganic salts

Collagen gives bone resilience; Inorganic salts make bone hard

Term
osteon
Definition
function and structural unit of compact bone
Term
perforating canals
Definition
horizontal canals that connect the central canal
Term
central canal
Definition
vertical canal, have blood vessels and nerves, found within osteon
Term
lamellae
Definition
layers that form each osteon
Term
lacunae
Definition
chamber where osteocytes are found
Term
caniculi
Definition
osteocytes intensions that allow them to communicate with one another
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
bone forming cells
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
break down bones
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition
band of cartilage that remains between the 2 ossification centers
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
blood cell formation that begins in the yolk sac
Term
condyle
Definition
rounded process
Term
crest
Definition

 

 

ridge-like projection

Term
fontanel
Definition
soft spot
Term
foramen
Definition
openign for blood vessels
Term
fossa
Definition
deep pit
Term
fovea
Definition
small pit
Term
head
Definition
enlargement on the bone end
Term
process
Definition
prominent projection
Term
sinus
Definition
cavity
Term
suture
Definition
fusion of two bones
Term
spine
Definition
thorn-like projection
Term
Functions of bone
Definition

 

 

• Gives shape to head, etc.

• Supports body’s weight

• Protects lungs, etc.

• Bones and muscles interact when limbs or body parts move

Term
Spongy bone versus compact bone
Definition

  Spongy                        

With air spaces

Has red bone marrow

Makes up all the red blood cells

Not solid

 

Compact Bone- solid, dense; forms the hollow shaft of long bones; has yellow bone marrow(stores fat)

Term

Difference between intramembranous bone and endochondral bones

Definition

                  Intramembranous Ossification

 These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues;They are the broad, flat bones;Flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones; Osteoblasts are born forming cells

 

Endochondral Ossification

Bones begin as hyaline cartilage; Form models for future bones; These are most bones of the skeleton; Cartilage cells die and breakdown; Periosteum forms;Osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone;Then compact bone is deposited

Term
Understand the growth at the epiphyseal plate (4 zones) 
Definition

Zone of resting cartilage (1

st layer of cells); Closest to the end of epiphysis; Resting cells;Anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis;

Zone of proliferating cartilage (2

nd layer of cells); Many rows of young cells; Undergoing mitosis

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage (3rd layer of cells); Older cells ;Left behind when new cells appear; Cells enlarging and becoming calcified

Zone of calcified cartilage (4th layer of cells); Thin;Dead cells; Calcified extracellular matrix

Term
Which ions are found in the extracellular matrix of bone? 
Definition

 

Magnesium ions; Sodium ions; Potassium ions; Carbonate ions

Term
Bones of axial and appendicular skeleton
Definition

 

 

Axial Skeleton

• Skull

•Vertebral column

• Hyoid bone

• Thoracic cage

Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral girdle

• Upper limbs

• Pelvic girdle

• Lower limbs

Term
articulations
Definition
Known as joints
Term
kinesiology
Definition

the study of muscloskeletal movement

Term
synovial joints
Definition

Most complex; allow free movement 

 

 

Term

Structural Classification of joints- 1) Fibrous 2) Cartilaginous 3) Synovial

Definition

1) Fibrous joints

Dense connective tissues connect

bones

Between bones in close contact

(2) Cartilaginous joints

 Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

connect bones

(3) Synovial joints

Most complex

Allow free movement

 

Term

Functional Classification of joints- 1) Synarthrotic 2) Amphiarthrotic 3) Diarthrotic

Definition

• Synarthrotic joints

considered immovable

 

•Amphiarthrotic joints

Slightly movable

 

• Diarthrotic joints

Freely movable

 

Term

            - 3 types of Fibrous joints 1) Syndesmosis 2) Suture 3) Gomphosis

Definition

• Syndesmosis:

A sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connecting bones

 Lies between tibia and fibula

Amphiarthritic

Suture:        

 Between flat bones

Teeth-like projections

Thin layer of connective tissue connects bones

Skull

synarthritic

•Gomphosis:

Cone-shaped bony process in a socket

Tooth in jawbone

Synarthritic

 

Term

            - 2 types of Cartilaginous  joints 1) Synchondrosis 2) Symphysis

Definition

• Synchondrosis:

 Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones

Between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilages)

Between the costal cartilage and the sternum

Synovial

 Epiphyseal plates (temporary joints)

Synostosis – a bony joint

Synarthotic

•Symphysis:

 Pad of fibrocartilage between bones

Pubic symphysis

Joint between bodies of adjacent vertbrae

Term
Know the functions of the following specific parts of a synovial joint: articular cartilage
Definition
rim of the hyaline cartilage found in the embryonic skelton
Term
Know the functions of the following specific parts of a synovial joint: joint cavity
Definition
within joint capsule, includes the synovial membrane and synovial fluid
Term
Know the functions of the following specific parts of a synovial joint: joint capsule
Definition
keeps everything together, holds the whole synovial joint together; outside is dense, rest is loose
Term
Know the functions of the following specific parts of a synovial joint: synovial membrane
Definition
inner layer of the joint capsule consists of shiny, vascular ling of loose connective tissue
Term
Know the functions of the following specific parts of a synovial joint: synovial fluid
Definition
clear, viscious fluid that is secreted by the membrane; reduces friction and compression; tissue and white blood cell fluid
Term
Know the functions of the following specific parts of a synovial joint: meniscus
Definition
parts of synovial joints that partially or completely divide into 2 compartments by discs of fibrocartilage between articular surfaces
Term
Know the functions of the following specific parts of a synovial joint: bursae
Definition
fluid-filled sacs; inner lining of synovial membrane
Term
Know examples (locations in the body) of the following types of synovial joints: ball and socket
Definition
Hip, shoulder
Term
- Know examples (locations in the body) of the following types of synovial joints:  condylar
Definition

 between metacarpals and phalanges; Between radius and carpals

 

Term
- Know examples (locations in the body) of the following types of synovial joints:  gliding,
Definition

Between carpals

Between tarsals

Between facets of adjacent vertebrae

 

Term
- Know examples (locations in the body) of the following types of synovial joints: hinge
Definition

Elbow joint

Between phalanges

 

Term
- Know examples (locations in the body) of the following types of synovial joints: pivot
Definition
between atlas (C1) and dens of axis (C2)
Term

 

- Know examples (locations in the body) of the following types of synovial joints: saddle

 

Definition

Between carpal and 1st metacarpal of thumb

 

Term
fascia
Definition
layers of dense connective tissue; separated from adjacent muscles; surrounds entire muscle; forms into tendons
Term
tendons
Definition
formed by fascia that surrounds each muscle and may project beyond the ends of its muscle fibers; cordlike
Term
epimysium
Definition
layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle along with the fascia
Term
aponeurosis
Definition
broad,fibrous sheets; can attach to bone or the coverings of aadjacent muscles; facial muscles; sheetlike
Term
perimysium
Definition
another layer of connective tissue that extends inward from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into small sections; surrounds fascia within muscle
Term
endomysium
Definition
thin covering; lies within a layer of connective tissue; surrounds muscle fibers (cells) within  fasciles
Term
myofibrils
Definition
abundant,parallel,threadlike structures; functional units of muscle
Term
actin
Definition
part of myofibrils; thin filaments; type of protein
Term
myosin
Definition
thick filaments; part of myofibrils; type of protein
Term
sarcolemma
Definition
membrane around the muscle cell(fiber)
Term
sarcoplasm
Definition
fluid and all the organelles within the muscle fibers(cells); fluid in here is called cytosol
Term
sarcomere
Definition
the functional contraction site of a muscle fiber; where we find striations
Term
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
corresponds to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells; major calcium holders; take calcium in from cytosol and store it in the triad
Term
triad (cisternae and Transverse tubule),
Definition
A set of membranous channels that extend into the sarcoplasm as invaginations continue with the sarcolemma and contains extracellular fluid(T tubules); Each T tubule lies between two enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulim(cisternae); storage for calcium (triad)
Term
Z line
Definition
appear in the center of the I bands
Term
H zone
Definition
sliightly lighter central region consisting of thick filaments
Term
synapse
Definition
the site of functional connection
Term
motor neuron
Definition
neurons that control effectors, including skeletal muscle fibers
Term
motor end plate
Definition
where nuclei and mitochondria are abundant and the sarcolemma is extensively folded
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
a small gap that separates the membrane of the neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber
Term
synaptic vesicles
Definition
store neurotransmitters; tiny vesicles
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
chemicals at a synapse that neurons communicate with cells that they control
Term
twitch
Definition
the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a muslce impulse
Term
summation
Definition

 

 

Process by which individual twitches combine; Produces sustained contractions; Can lead to tetanic contractions

Term
origin
Definition
immovable end; closer to midline or approximate to the trunk
Term
insertion
Definition
movable end;distal or further from the body
Term
prime mover(agonist)
Definition

 

 

primarily responsible for movement

Term
synergists
Definition
assist prime mover
Term
antagonist
Definition

 

 

contraction causes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover

Term

Differences between the 3 types of muscle tissue

Definition

• Skeletal Muscle

Usually attached to bones; Voluntary; Somatic; Striated

• Smooth Muscle 

 Walls of most viscera, blood vessels and skin; Involuntary; Autonomic; Not striated

• Cardiac Muscle

Wall of heart;Involuntary; Autonomic; Striated

 

Term
Understand the neuromuscular junction
Definition
The neurotransmiter of acetyl choline are used to unlock the sodium gate on the post synaptic membrane. then,sodium enters the post synaptic membrane which allows the action potential to jump from the pre synaptic membrane(axon) to the post synaptic membrane(muscle). the action potiental goes down the sarcolemma and into the transverse tubules and triggers the SR to release calcium into cytosol. The calcium is used to remove troponin and tropomyosin and for a bond betwen actin and myosin filaments.
Term

- Understand how a muscle contracts and relaxes on the molecular level. Excitation-Contraction Coupling along with Cross Bridge Cycling

Definition
Term

Two energy sources used for muscle contraction

Definition

 

1) Creatine phosphate

2) Cellular respiration

Term

Difference between slow, fast, and intermediate fibers

Definition

 

Slow-twitch fibers (Type I)

Always oxidative; Resistant to fatigue; Red fibers; Most myoglobin; Good blood supply

 

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (Type IIb)

 White fibers (less myoglobin); Poorer blood supply; Fewer michondria; More SR; Susceptible to fatigue  

 

Fast-twitch fatigue-resistant fibers (Type IIa)

Intermediate fibers; Oxidative; Intermediate amount of myoglobin; Pink to red in color; Resistant to fatigue

 

 

 

 

Supporting users have an ad free experience!