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AP Exam 2
Chapters 4,5,and 6
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/11/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
metabolic processes
Definition
all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Term
enzymes activation energy
Definition
Term
cofactors
Definition

make some enzymes active

non-protein component

Ions or coenzymes

Ex. copper,zinc

Term
coenzymes
Definition

organic molecules that act as cofactors

vitamins

Coenzyme A- necessary for cellular respiration

Term
genetic information
Definition
intstruct cells how to construct proteins; stored in DNA(what passes from parents to a child)
Term
Gene
Definition
segment of DNA that codes for one protein
Term
genome
Definition
complete set of genes
Term
Central Dogma
Definition

 

 

•First described by Francis Crick

•Information only flows from

DNA → RNA → protein

•Transcription = DNA → RNA

•Translation = RNA → protein

Term
codon
Definition
each codon represents an amino acid
Term
anticodon
Definition
included on the other end of each tRNA molecule that includes a specific 3 nucleotide sequence
Term
mRNA
Definition

 

 

(carries code from DNA to ribosome)

Term
tRNA
Definition

 

 

(brings amino acids to ribosome)

Term
Anabolism versus Catabolism
Definition

Anabolism-larger molecules are made from smaller; requires energy; provides the materials needed for cellular growth and repair; Type: Dehydration synthesis

 

Catabolism-larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones; release energy; Type: Hydrolysis

Term

- Factors that alter an enzyme’s structure and function

Definition

 

 

Heat

Radiation

 Electricity

 Chemicals

 Changes in pH

Term
The 4 steps of cell respiration
Definition

Glycosis

Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle)

Electron Transport Chain

Term
Know inputs and outputs of each of the 4 steps in cell respiration
Definition

Glycolysis: Inputs- Outputs

Glucose

(C6H12O6)- 2 Pyruvates

NAD- NADH

2ADP-+2 ATP( net gain)

Preparatoy Reaction: Inputs-Outputs

2 Pyruvates- Acetyl

NAD 2- NAD(net gain) CO2

Citric Acid Cycle- Inputs- Outputs

Acetyl Coil- CO2

NAD-NADH

FAD-FADH

2ADP-2ATP

Electron Transport Chain- Inputs-Outputs

 

Term
Reactants and products of cell respiration
Definition

Reactants- oxygen and glucose

Products- carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Term
Structure of DNA and RNA
Definition

DNA- made of 2 strands of nucleotides which spiral (double helix); antiparallel; major and minor groove; DNA wrapped around histones forms chromosomes

RNA- single strand of nucleotides; shorther than DNA

Term
RNA and DNA Base-pairing rules
Definition

DNA- A with T (or U in RNA)

C with G

Term
DNA replication process (Initiation, Elongation, Termination)
Definition

Initation- replication begins

Elongation- new strands of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase

Termination- replication terminated

Term
Steps required for Transcription and Translation (Initiation, Elongation, Termination)
Definition

Translation: Converting mRNA- a specific sequence of amino acids(polypeptide which becomes a protein); Ribosomes read the mRNA and converts it into protein(flesh and blood)

    

     Transcription:  DNA-RNA

Term
calluses
Definition
rate of cell division increaes with frequent contact
Term
corns
Definition
keratinized conical masses on the toes
Term
melanocytes
Definition
located in the stratum basale produce the dark pigment melanin(which gives skin color and absorbs UV light)
Term
eumelanin
Definition
black to brown pigment produced by melanin; most abundant type of human melanin
Term
pheomelanin
Definition
yellow to red-brown pigment produced by melanocytes.
Term
hyperthermia
Definition

 

 

> 106ᵒF

•Symptoms: dizziness, nausea, headache, rapid pulse

Term
hypothermia
Definition

 

 

Symptoms: mental confusion, lethargy, loss of reflexes, major organ shutdown

Term

Functions and structures of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers

Definition

Epidermis: most superficial layer; contains keratinocyte and melanocyte; made up of stratified squamous epilthelium and lacks blood vessels; Functions: protects againist water loss, mechanical injury,chemicals, and microorganism

 

  Dermis: Deeper of the 2 skin layers, contain all major tissue types plus sudoriferous(sweat) glands, sebaceous(oil) glands, hair follicles and arrector pili muscles, (collagen, elastic, and nerve fibers), and blood vessels; Functions: binds the epidermis to the subcutaneous tissue 

 

 Subcutaneous(hypodermis): Composed of adipose(fat) and loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves; Functions: storage in adipose tissue, cushions and insulates unerlying structures

Term

5 layers of epidermis

Definition

 

 

Stratum corneum (dead, keratinized cells)

Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin – palms, soles)

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale (mitotic layer)

Term

Factors determining epidermal color (genetics, physiological, environmental)

Definition

Genetics: Varyign amounts of melanin, Varying size of melanin granules, and Albinos lack melanin

 

Physiological: Dilation of dermal blood vessels, Constriction of dermal blood vessels, Accumulation of carotene, and Jaundice

 

Environmental: Sunlight, UV ligh from sunlamps, and X-rays

 

Term

Different types of skin cancer

Definition

 

 

Cutaneous carcinoma – cancer from skin cells

Cutaneous melanoma – cancer from melanocytes

Malignant melanoma – accounts for 80% of skin cancer deaths but only 4% of skin cancer occurances

Term

Structure of the Dermis 1) Papillary layer 2) Reticular layer

Definition

Papillary- Areolar tissue; thin; superficial; dermal papillae here

Reticular- most of dermis; dense irregular connective tissue

Term

Structure and functions of the nails, hair follicles, and the cutaneous glands (eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, mammary)

Definition

Nails- protective coverings; has 3 plates (nail plate,nail bed, and lunala)

 Hair Follicles- present on all skin surfaces except palms, soles of the feet, lips, nipples, and parts of the external reproductive organs; epidermal cells;tube-like depression;extends into dermis; has 3 parts( hair bulb, root, and shaft)

Term
Pacinian vs Meissner’s corpuscles
Definition

Pacinian- respond to heavy pressure

Meissner- sense light touch and texture

Term
Understand the role that the skin and its accessory organs have in regulating body temperature
Definition
Term

Understand the reaction of inflamed skin

Definition
Can cause reddness,swelling,warmth,and pain
Term

Steps in the formation of a scab

Definition

consists of blood cells held together in a more or less solid mass by protein fibers secreted by fibroblasts and other cells. The scab seals the wound until more permanent repairs can be made. A scab forms over the wound, preventing further blood loss

 

clots and dried tissue

Term
Different types of burns: First, second, third
Definition

First- superficial,partial-thickness

Second- deep,partial-thickness(blisters)

Third- full-thickness ( Autograft, Allograft,and Various skin substitues)

 

Term
4 Primary Tissues
Definition

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

Epithelial

Term
Tight Junctions
Definition

 

 

 

Close space between cells

 

Located among cells that form linings

 

Line the digestive system

 

Blood vessels in the brain

Term
Desmosomes
Definition

 

 

 

Form "spot welds" between cells 

 Located among outer skin cells

Term
Gap Junctions
Definition

 

 

 

Tubular channels between cells

Located in cardiac muscle cells

Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition

General Characteristics

Covers organs and body surface; Lines cavities; Hollow organs

 

Have a free surface on one side and basement membrane on other; Non-living, connects epithelial to connective

 

Usually lack blood vessels; Cells readily divide; Cells are tightly packed

Classified by cell shape and number of cell layers (squamous-flat, cubiodal-cubeshaped,columnar-tall)

 

Term
Connective Tissues
Definition

General characteristics: Most abundant tissue type

Functions: 

Bind structures, Provide support and protection

 

 Store fat, serves as frameworks, fill spaces 

Produce blood cells, Protect against infections,Help repair tissue damage 

 Have varying degrees of vascularity;Less dense than epithelial;Have an extracellular matrix made of protein fibers and ground substance

 

Term
Major Connective Tissue Cell Types
Definition

Fibroblasts:Fixed cell, most common cell, large( star-shaped), produce fibers

  

Macrophages: Wandering cell, phagocytic, important in immunity and prevention of infection

  

Mast Cells: Fixed cell, usually near blood vessels, release heparin and histamine 

Term
Fibroblast Tissue Fibers
Definition

Collagenous: Thick, composed of collagen, great tensile strength, hold structures together, appear white in abundance, dense connective tissue

Elastic: Bundles of micofibrils embedded in elastin, fibers branch, elastic, appear yellow in abundance, common in areas subjected to stretching

Reticular: Very thin collagenous fibers, highly branched, form delicate supportive networks

 

Term
Cartilage
Definition
Rigid matrix containing gel-like ground substance, chondrocytes in lacunae, poor blood supply, covered by perichondrion; three types(elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage)
Term
Muscle Tissues
Definition
Muscle cells also called muscle fibers, contractile, three types(skeletal,smooth,cardiac)
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
Found in brain,spinal cord, and peripheral nerves; functional cells are neurons; neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components; sensory reception; conduction of nerve impulses
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