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| English king who was the closest relative to a French king who had died; his claim to the French throne sparked the Hundred Year's War |
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| war between England and France that occurred in three stages; the war occurred because English kings had land in France and were technically vassals to the French king, the king of England made claim to the British throne, and both countries wanted possession of Flanders, an area that exceled in the wool and clothing industry; though the English were leading for the majority of the war, France was the ultimate victor with the help of Joan of Arc; 1337-1453 |
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| a representative council (legislative body) created in France during the Hundred Year's War; made up of townspeople, clergy, and nobles, it was created to help the king raise taxes and collect money for the war |
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| French peasant rebellion named after Jacques Bonhomme during the time of the Hundred Year's War; was brutally crushed by nobles; occurred because peasants were the ones funding and suffering from the war |
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| English peasant rebellion during the time of the Hundred Year's war; was brutally crushed by nobles; occurred because peasants were the ones funding and suffering from the war |
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| French tax on peasants during the Hundred Year's War |
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| agreement made after the French king John the Good was taken hostage by the English; stated that English kings would no longer be vassals the French kings, affirmed English sovereignty over their territories in France, renounced English claim the British throne, and agreed to return King John the Good for a ransom of 3 million gold crowns |
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| treaty that disinherited the legitimate heir to the French throne and declared that the English king Henry V was the successor of the French king Charles VI |
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| English king who recommence the war and attacked Normandy; was declared successor to the French throne by the Treaty of Troyes |
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| French woman who won the French victory in the Hundred Year's War; after hearing the voice of Gabriel telling her to reclaim Orleans from the English, she went on to reconquer many territories for the French; was eventually declared a heretic and witch and was burned at the stake; is now a saint in the Catholic church |
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| the French king who illegitimately took the throne after the Treaty of Troyes; allowed Joan of Arc to go to Orleans, therefore ending the war |
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| another name for the Bubonic Plague, which spread from Italy to all of Europe in the fourteenth century (1347) and killed one-third of the population |
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| passed by Pope Urban IV, this was the Church's own political court; this increased the Church's power and wealth |
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| issued by Boniface VIII, this forbade taxation of the church by kings |
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| issued by Boniface VIII, this declared that kings and monarchies were subject to the papal and spiritual power of the Church; stated that because the pope got his power from God, he was above all men |
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| also referred to as the Babylonian Captivity, this was a period of about 70 years when the popes resided in Avignon, France; these popes were overly-wealthy and raised money by selling indulgences when their money source from England was cut off |
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| a period when the Church had three popes; after the Avignon papacy was ended by the election of an Italian pope, the French struck back and elected their own pope, causing the church to have two popes; in an attempt to end this, another pope was elected by a council, but the residing popes refused to give up their power, thus causing the papacy to be claimed by three popes |
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| a saintly pope who abdicated the papacy only a few weeks after his election and then suddenly died; the predecessor of Boniface VIII |
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| pope who came into conflict with Philip the Fair over the taxation of the Church and the political and secular power of the pope |
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| French king who came into conflict with Boniface VIII when he tried to tax the Church; eventually sided with an antipapal Italian family who he commissioned to attack the pope |
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| most powerful Avignon pope; he meddles in German affairs; tries to determine who will be Holy Roman Emperor, but the man he wanted chosen did not come to power.; the new emperor tries to get thinkers and writers to attack the church. |
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| written by Marsilius of Padua; challenges the idea that popes have that they are the rulers of everything; claims that when you look at the origin of government, it is secular and man-made, and not divine, and if it is not divine, then the laws should be made and enforced by secular leaders; advises the pope to focus on religion and not on politics |
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| the biggest church critic in the 1400s; wanted vernacular (English) translation of the Bible; thought that the church was too wealthy and thought that clerical promotions should be based on merit, not politics; his ideas showed up a lot in the protestant reformation. |
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| Bohemian critic of the Church; questioned Transubstantiation and sacraments performed by immoral priests; advocated bread and wine for lay people; was burned at the stake for his beliefs that were deemed heretical |
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| the theory that not only popes could convene Church councils, but representative councils within the church could convene them as well and that they could regulate the actions of the pope |
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| early leader of Kievan Russia; decided that he wanted one, single, ethic religion; because Jews lost and Muslims didn't drink, he adopted Christianity; however, he chose the Eastern Orthodox section of the Church |
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| he gave Russia the first codified set of Russian laws, which are very important for unifying people |
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| Russian nobles (land-owners) |
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| the grandson of Ghengis Khan, the first Mongol to invade Russia; Kiev fell to him, and Russian cities became dependent, tribute-paying principalities of the Mongol empire |
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| the segment of the Mongol Empire that was Russia (the Mongol words for the color of Batu Khan's tent) |
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| a man from Moscow who orders the Mongols to leave, starting a war; Moscow is strong and the Mongols are weak, and so Russia wins; he is considered to be the first real ruler of a Russian state; after his conquer, Moscow prospered. |
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| what Russia referred to themselves as because Christianity in Rome was corrupt and the Byzantine Empire had fallen, therefore making them leaders of Christianity in Europe |
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| considered to be the most (earthly) powerful pope of all time as far as wars and politics, etc; viewed the pope as the ultimate monarchy of Europe, which he considered one big kingdom; called crusades, excommunicated crusaders, annulled royal marriages, exiled kings, and appointed new kings |
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| the Church council that elected a new pope in hopes to dispose of the current Roman and Avignon pope, which failed |
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| the Church council that elected Gregory XII as pope, ending the Great Schism |
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| the Church council that made negotiations with the Hussites to console them after the execution of John Huss |
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| 1300-1600 mainly in Italy. Rebirth, Reawakening, of interest in the heritage of the classical past. |
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| a peace agreement between Milan, Naples, and Florence signed on April 9, 1454 at Lodi in Lombardy, on the banks of the Adda. It put an end to the long struggles between expansive Milan, under Filippo Maria Visconti, and Venice in the terraferma |
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| Controlled the city of Florence internally from behind the scenes, skillfully manipulating the constitution and influencing elections. |
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| Cosimo de Medici's grandson. Controlled in an almost totalitarian leadership. Pope was turned against the Medici's through influence of the Pazzi family. |
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| (the Gouty), (Italian: Piero "il Gottoso") (1416 - December 2, 1469), was the de facto ruler of Florence from 1464 to 1469, during the Italian Renaissance. He was the father of Lorenzo the Magnificent and Giuliano de' Medici |
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| two important Italian noble dynasties of the Middle Ages. There are two distinct Visconti families: The first one (chronologically) in the Republic of Pisa in the mid twelfth century who achieved prominence first in Pisa, then in Sardinia where they became rulers of Gallura. The second rose to power in Milan, where they ruled from 1277 to 1447 and where several collateral branches still exist. |
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| Rising from peasant origins, the Sforzas became condottieri and used this military position to become rulers in Milan. The family governed by force, ruse, and power politics. Under their rule the city-state flourished and expanded. Similar to the Medici in their use of personal power, the Sforzas differed in that they were warriors, not bankers |
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| was Duke of Milan from 1489 until his death. A member of the Sforza family, he was the fourth son of Francesco Sforza. He was famed as a patron of Leonardo da Vinci and other artists, and presided over the final and most productive stage of the Milanese Renaissance. He is probably best known as the man who commissioned the The Last Supper. |
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| sometimes referred to as the Italian War of 1494 or Charles VIII's Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Charles VIII of France, who had initial Milanese aid, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI. |
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| an Italian Dominican friar, Scholastic, and an influential contributor to the politics of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498. He was known for his book burning, destruction of what he considered immoral art, and what he thought the Renaissance—which began in his Florence—ought to become |
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| city in northern Italy, one of the powerful city states |
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| Government by a few (merchants in a "merchant oligarchy"), especially by a small faction of persons or families |
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| The reading and understanding of writings and ideals of the classical past. Rhetoric was the initial area of study, which soon widened to include poetry, history, politics, and philosophy. |
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| It was written by Baldassare Castiglione over the course of many years, beginning in 1508, and published in 1528 by the Aldine Press just before his death. It addresses the constitution of a perfect courtier, and in its last installment, a perfect lady |
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| was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author. Wrote the book of the courtier |
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| Florentine Platonic Academy |
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| was a 15th century discussion group in Florence. It was founded after Gemistus Pletho reintroduced Plato's thoughts to Western Europe during the 1438 - 1439 Council of Florence. It was sponsored by Cosimo de' Medici and led by Marsilio Ficino |
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| was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism" |
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| an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri between 1308 and his death in 1321. It is widely considered the preeminent work of Italian literature,[1] and is seen as one of the greatest works of world literature |
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| was a major Italian poet of the Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called Commedia and later called Divina by Boccaccio, is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. |
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| 14th-century medieval allegory by Giovanni Boccaccio, told as a frame story encompassing 100 tales |
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| was an Italian author and poet, a friend, student, and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist and the author of a number of notable works including the Decameron, On Famous Women, and his poetry in the Italian vernacular |
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| in art is characterized by strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for using contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modelling three-dimensional objects such as the human body |
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| an approximate representation, on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is seen by the eye. The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects are drawn:Smaller as their distance from the observer increases Foreshortened: the size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are relatively shorter than dimensions across the line of sight |
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| an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.[2] Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci. |
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| was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". |
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| Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period |
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| Brothers of the Common Life |
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| Brethren[1] banded together in communities, giving up their worldly goods to live chaste and strictly regulated lives in common houses, devoting every waking hour to attending divine service, reading and preaching of sermons, labouring productively and taking meals in common that were accompanied by the reading aloud of Scripture: "judged from the ascetic discipline and intention of this life, it had few features which distinguished it from life in a monastery", observes Hans Baron |
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| Inventor of the Printing Press |
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| a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, and a theologian. was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style and enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists." He has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists."[2] Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. These raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works |
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| was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important councillor to Henry VIII of England and, for three years toward the end of his life, Lord Chancellor. He is recognised as a saint within the Catholic Church and is commemorated by the Church of England as a 'Reformation martyr'.[2] He was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and in particular of Martin Luther and William Tyndale. coined the word "utopia" - a name he gave to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in Utopia |
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| Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of the "New World" |
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| Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer. The Americas are generally believed to have derived their name from the feminized Latin version of his first name. |
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| a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia). |
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| He was responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents. |
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