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| Was a politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. |
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| Was an Irish statesman born in Dublin; author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party. |
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| Was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. |
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| Was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 as the leader of the Orléanist party. His father Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans had supported the Revolution of 1789 but was nevertheless guillotined during the Reign of Terror. |
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| Was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought. |
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| Was an Anglican divine and theologian who, with his brother Charles Wesley and fellow cleric George Whitefield, is credited with the foundation of the evangelical movement known as Methodism. |
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| Was a German philosopher who was a major figure in German idealism. |
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| Was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation. |
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| Was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. |
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| Was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. |
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| 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCH, PC, PC, usually known as Lord Castlereagh, was an Irish and British statesman. |
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| Was a French bishop, politician and diplomat. Due to a lame leg, he was not able to start a military career as expected by his family. |
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| Reigned as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825. He was the first Russian King of Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland. Wikipedia |
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| Was a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and key Scottish Enlightenment figure. |
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| Was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824 except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days. |
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| Was known for most of his life as the Count of Artois before he reigned as King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. |
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| Was a German philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that fundamental concepts structure human experience, and that reason is the source of morality. |
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| Was a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian. He is considered the founder of Romanticism in French literature. |
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| Was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the periods of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, and Weimar Classicism. |
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| Were German academics, linguists, cultural researchers, lexicographers and authors who together specialized in collecting and publishing folklore during the 19th century. |
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| Was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. |
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| Was a treaty signed in Paris on 20 November 1815 by the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. |
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| The idea that asserts that Germans are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Germans. The earliest origins of German nationalism began with the birth of Romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars when Pan-Germanism started to rise. |
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| A political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. The former principle is stressed in classical liberalism while the latter is more evident in social liberalism |
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| A belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation. |
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| A political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of the culture and civilization. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to "the way things were" |
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| Were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Bohemia. |
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| Occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. |
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| Were measures including bounties and tariffs on imported grain starting in 1689 and throughout the 1800s designed to keep grain prices high to favour producers in Great Britain. |
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| Also known as the Congress System after the Congress of Vienna, represented the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I (1914). |
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| Another name for the Concert of Europe. |
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| Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession. |
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| Were a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland. |
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| Saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would in turn be overthrown. |
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| Was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I starting with the July Revolution of 1830 (also known as the Three Glorious Days) and ending with the Revolution of 1848. |
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| Was an Act of Parliament (indexed as 2 & 3 Will. IV) which introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. |
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| A group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement. |
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| Was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. |
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| Meaning "in the state in which things were before the war". |
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| was a phrase used mainly by members of the British ruling classes from the early 19th century until the 1920s. It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence. |
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| Was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830. The brothers of executed King Louis XVI reigned in highly conservative fashion, and the exiles returned. |
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