Term
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Definition
| The earth is the center of the solar system; Ptolemaic conception of the universe |
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Definition
| Recorded astronomical data from the observatory he built in Denmark; theorized that the moon and sun orbited the earth and the remaining planets orbited the sun |
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| Philosopher; wrote Novum Organum; glorified inductive reasoning, which discovered the universe through observations and generalizations |
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Definition
| Famous mathematician; discovered calculus, a mathematical means of measuring rates of change |
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Definition
| Disliked by the church (papacy); both England and France established royal societies of learned scientists to meet together and discuss their discoveries; challenged idea that women were inferior to men; undermined literal interpretation of the Bible |
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| Galileo's ideas on motion |
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Definition
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| Scientific Revolution: View on Universe |
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Definition
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Definition
| Jewish philosopher; had a new idea about divinity of the material universe |
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Definition
| Predicted movement of planets; epicycles; did not explain seasons or planets distance from earth |
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Definition
| Idea of two entities: Physical and spiritual; I think, therefore I am; |
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Definition
| Based on blend of Christian theology and writings of classical authors |
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| De humani corporis fabrica |
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Definition
| Andrea Vesalius; created a modern anatomy text; rejected Galen's view of human blood |
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Term
| Newtonian Model of Universe |
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Definition
| Mechanical and predictable |
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Definition
| Introduced idea of secular progress; belief that God is a cosmic clockmaker who created a perfect universe in which he does not intervene; |
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Definition
| Belief; emphasizes that human reason can uncover the mysteries and laws of the universe; dominant philosophy of the Scientific Revolution |
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Definition
| Discovered heliocentric system (sun-centered); looked down upon by religions |
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Definition
| Defended Aristotle's theory of earth being surrounded by numerous clear spheres |
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Definition
| Developed theory of two types of blood, bright and dark red |
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| Kepler; laws of planetary motion; planets that orbit the sun follow this path |
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Definition
| Descartes' belief that all existance was divided into the spiritual and material |
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Definition
| Famous mathematician; developed science of probability |
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| One of Newton's greatest accomplishments; forces of attraction and repulsion exist between objects |
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| By John Locke; states that all knowledge of matters of fact is based on experience |
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Definition
| Descartes' way of understanding the universe; states that a conclusion can be deduced by a set of premises and not observation |
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Definition
| Bacon; Discovered the universe through observations and generalizations |
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Definition
| Solved how blood circulates; heart is like a mechanical pump |
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Definition
| Inertia; perfected the spy glass and studied the cosmos; concluded that the sun rotated by observing sunspots |
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Definition
| Italian monk who concluded that the universe was infinite size and that the Earth and planets were constantly moving with it |
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Definition
| Galileo's Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems; philosophy; corresponding causes produce equal affects throughout the universe |
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Definition
| Cuis regio, ejus religio; readdirmation of German nationalism; limited recognition of Lutheranism and Catholicism; resolved conflict between Protestants and Princes; permitted only the ruler of each state in the Empire to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism |
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Definition
| Caused end of unity in Western Christianity, Protestant reformation, religious wars, and better lay education; Avignon papacy and struggle between Pope Boniface XVIII and Phillip IV, the french king |
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Definition
| Promoted indulgences; famous phrase: when the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory springs |
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Definition
| Caused by Charles V trying to restore Catholicism to the HRE |
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Definition
| Prohibited dancing and gambling |
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Definition
| Protestant reformer for Switzerland |
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| Imperial Council that ordered Martin Luther to recant and condemned him when he refused |
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| Popularity of Lutheranism among German princes was because... |
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Definition
| It attacked the idea of divinely established Papal authority |
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Definition
| An example of pre-Reformation popular piety |
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| John Wycliffe and John Huss |
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Definition
| Believed in superiority of the Bible |
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Term
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Definition
| Insisted strict observance of moral laws because moral behavior was a sign that the person was of the elect; predestination; theocracy; permitted only members of the Church to hold public office |
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| Luther's view of women was that they should.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Caused establishment of state churches in England, Scotland, and northern Germany; encouraged movement for education; caused justification for challenging the absolute authority of kings |
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Definition
| Official creed of Lutheranism |
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Definition
| Popular lay movements during the late medieval church |
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Definition
| Reaffirmed the traditional doctrines of the Catholic Church |
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Definition
| Left Germany politically fragmented. |
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Definition
| Odd because the government broke with Rome when there was no theological problem between king and pope |
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Definition
| Made England's break with the Roman church official; required all officials, clergy, and candidates for university degrees to take an oath acknowledging the queen as "governor" of church; Queen Elizabeth's reign |
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Definition
| Attempted to explain connections between the rise of Calvinism and capitalism |
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Definition
| Imposed strict penalties for blasphemy and immoral behavior |
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Definition
| Established the church of England |
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Term
| Prince Fredrick III, the Elector of Saxony |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Called the council of Trent, reorganized the Roman Inquisition, and began the Counter-Reformation |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious order; tool of the papacy against the spread of Protestantism in Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| Ended any wars of religion in early Europe and tried to restore international stability and diplomatic process in Europe; eliminated religious division as a cause of conflict; weakened the Holy Roman Empire |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed in salvation by faith alone and the scripture was the only source of creed |
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Definition
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Definition
| Issued the Edict of Nantes and tried to restore stability back to France |
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Definition
| One of Ferdinand II's generals who drove the Protestant forces to Hungry in 1625 |
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Definition
| The church is a coorporation of cardinals that can override papal authority |
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Definition
| "Defender of faith;" founded the Anglican church |
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Term
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Definition
| Wanted to make France the strongest country in Europe and decreased power of Huguenots and nobles; state is above everything, even religion |
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Term
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Definition
| Catholicism was recognized as the official religion of France but limited was extended to Calvinists; Henry IV; ended civil war by guaranteeing religious freedom for the Huguenots |
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Term
| French religious climate before French wars on religion... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Henry IV; put political necessities above personal beliefs |
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Term
| King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden |
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Definition
| Lead a Protestant coalition against Catholic Europe |
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Term
| St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre |
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Definition
| Many Huguenots deaths; deciminated ranks of Protestant leaders but didn't suppress anti-Catholic movement in Europe |
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Definition
| Political conflict of the Thirty Years' War |
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Term
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Definition
| Northwest was Protestant while south was Catholic |
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Term
| Consequences of the Thirty Years' War |
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Definition
| Settlement of the religious wars between Catholics and Protestants in Germany; depopulation and economic stagnation of Central Europe; predominance and leadership of France in Europe; decrease of the power of the HRE |
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Term
| Rebellions in the 30 Years' War |
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Definition
| Caused an increase in power of European monarchies |
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Term
| Mission of the Spanish Armada in 1588 |
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Definition
| Replace Queen Elizabeth with a Catholic monarch |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard handbook on witches |
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Term
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Definition
| William of Orange led it; Dutch flooded lands to hamper the Spanish; political and religious struggle; southern provinces pledged loyalty to Spain in exchange for comprimise |
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Term
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Definition
| building of Versailles; art and culture; policies of Richelieu; and theory of divine right of kings |
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Definition
| Involuntary forced labor imposed on French peasants |
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Definition
| English political philosopher; the power of the ruler was absolute but from a contract with the governed |
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Term
| Peter the Great's "Europeanization" of Russia |
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Definition
| Imported Western technocrats and technology to Russia |
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Term
| Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies |
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Definition
| Subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy |
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Term
| Political life of Netherlands in 17-18th centuries |
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Definition
| Republic with decentralized government |
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Term
| Significant feature of English society in 16th century |
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Definition
| Growing wealth of the countries middle-class businessmen |
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Term
| Colbert's Contributations to the economy of France |
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Definition
| Established new industries; improved transportation within France; set up tariffs to protect French industry; created a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods |
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Term
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Definition
| Advocated the idea that all men should have the vote regardless of whether they owned property; opposed private property |
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Term
| Cabinet system in England |
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Definition
| Government must be elected and supported by a majority of Parliament |
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Term
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Definition
| Advocate of the absolute, divinely ordained right of kings |
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Term
| Austrians in 18th Century |
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Definition
| Exerted most influence on Italy |
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Term
| War of the Spanish Succession |
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Definition
| Began when Charles II of Spain left his territories to the French heir |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for military campaigns that freed much of Russia from the Mongols |
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Term
| Most significant factor that led to nation states in western Europe |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "Wisest fool in Chritendom"; inability to learn from ancestors in relation to divine right monarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| Radically changed Britain's laws regarding their "judicial system" and treatment of prisoners; including a speedy trial |
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Term
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Definition
| Led the New Model Army of Puritans against Vavaliers |
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Term
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Definition
| English royal family who brought England into the modern world; got most of funds from inheritance; put end to dynastic instability; transformed England into a Protestant nation; fund-raising tools |
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Term
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Definition
| Him and his wife Mary peacefully overtook the English throne during the Glorious Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Nobles who supported the king |
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Term
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Definition
| Gained vast territory for Russia to the Baltic sea in the north and east; westernized Russia; stature and knowledgeable |
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Term
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Definition
| A ruler who tried to advance society by fostering education, aiding the economy, and promoting social justice; wanted a more efficient state |
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Term
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Definition
| Made Prussia a great power in Europe and called himself "First servant of the state" |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulations on how the church and state worked together in England; vague enough to accommodate most of religions in England |
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Term
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Definition
| "Dagger pointing at the heart of England" |
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Term
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Definition
| Followed the Magna Carta and the Petition of Rights in reinforcing basic civil liberties guaranteed by British government |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 year revolt in France against the king; led by nobles who sought to limit the powers of the monarch |
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Definition
| German; succeeded to the thrown after assassination of Czar Peter III; patron of many philosophers and enlightened despot; influenced by Spirit of Laws; established the Charter of Nobility of 1785 which gave nobility security of property, right to serfs, and immunity from arrest |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle class and nobility who supported Parliament in the English Civil WAr |
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Definition
| Created when Cromwell defeated the Scots at the Battle of Preston and helped purge the Presbyterians from Parliament; beheaded Charles I for treason |
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Term
| First European country to trade with Far East |
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Definition
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Term
| Spanish Empire in America |
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Definition
| Introduction of manorial system; encomienda |
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Term
| Benefited from inflation of 16th century |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Granted Portugal the eastern trade route to the Indies as well as Brazil; lands west given to Spain |
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Term
| 16th century center of commercial activity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Grants permitting owners to take income or labor from land and inhabitants |
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Term
| Mediterranean carrying trade in 14th century leader |
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Definition
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Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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Definition
| Inspired and supported Portuguese exploration of the African coast |
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Term
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Definition
| Spanish and Turkish control of the Mediterranean was fought for |
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Term
| Caused decline of Spanish power in the 17th century |
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Definition
| Foolish monarchs and an uncertain flow of treasure from the New World |
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Term
| Spanish empire of Philip II included... |
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Definition
| Milan, Burgandy, Silesia, and Portugal |
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Term
| The Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
| The commercial Revolution set the stage for this future era of innovation |
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Term
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Definition
| Economy where monetary wealth of a nation was controlled by the strict government regulation of the entire national economy; done through policies designed to secure an accumulation of bullion and foreign trading monopolies |
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Term
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Definition
| The accumulation of precious metals by the government |
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Term
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Definition
| European country that became the leader in trade and commerce during the Commercial Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| An economic system characterized by private ownership of capital goods bu investments that are by private decision and by prices and distributing of goods by competition of free market |
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Term
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Definition
| Established the first Modern European bank in 1609 |
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Term
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Definition
| Financial scheme in 18th century France that an 1716 law established at the Banque Generale, a bank that issued notes; established Compagnie d'Occident and obtained for it exclusive privileges to develop French territories in NA; triggered a financial collapse |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflationary period at the end of the 16th century caused by the influx of gold and silver during the commercial revolution; resulted in transfer of bullion from Spain to the Far East |
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Term
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Definition
| Placement of tariffs on imported and exported goods to protect British industry and commerce against foreign competition in 1651 |
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Definition
| Company formed by Robert Harley who needed allies to carry through the peace negotiations to end the War of the Spanish Succession; given a new monopoly of British trade with the islands of South Seas and SA |
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Term
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Definition
| First European explorer to cross the Atlantic and land in Hispaniola; initiated ecological exchange between Americans and Europe |
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Definition
| Legal system where the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of Indian population in its American colonies; based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during Reconquista of Muslim Spain |
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Term
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Definition
| German merchants who created a banking dynasty which dominated European business during the 15th and 16th centuries |
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Term
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Definition
| Maritime insurance association in London that formed the first modern European insurance company in 1688 |
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Term
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Definition
| A place where security trading was conducted in an organized system |
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Term
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Definition
| Commercial enterprises formed in Western Europe to trade with the East Indies |
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Term
| Rousseau's conception of General Will |
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Definition
| Vague common "interest" but not necessarily majority rule |
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Term
| Crush the infamous thing! |
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Definition
| Voltaire; religious bigotry as supported by an organized clergy |
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Term
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Definition
| Popularizers of the scientific discoveries of the Enlightenment |
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Term
| Enlightenment's view on humanity |
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Definition
| A link in the rationally ordered chain of beings |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlightened despot; introduced many legal reforms in the Habsburg empire |
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Term
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Definition
| Argued that humans did not have any certain knowledge at birth |
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Term
| Rousseau's belief on chief cause of crime |
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Definition
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Term
| Most important contribution of Catherine the Great |
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Definition
| Establishment of a legislative commission to review the laws of Russia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Philosophes wanted government reforms to be done by... |
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Definition
| Benevolent absolutist monarchs |
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Term
| Enlightenment ideas proposed that... |
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Definition
| governments are bound to the will of people |
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Term
| Enlightenment based on... |
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Definition
| thought that science and reason can explain everything |
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Term
| Capital of the Enlightenment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rousseau; government should be based on voluntary participation by citizens, not simply by inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| British philosopher; ideas on natural law was adopted to create the Declaration of Independence |
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Term
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Definition
| "informal international community of philosophes;" works of Diderot and Voltaire |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote Spirit of Laws, which applied principles of analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| "Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence."; motto of the Enlightenment |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that a community should band together for the good of the whole; led to "Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen." |
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Term
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Definition
| On Crime and Punishment; stated that innocent until convicted and punishment should fit the crime |
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Term
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Definition
| Common Sense; appeal for American Independence based on Enlightenment |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that the primary role of government was to protect the property; felt economic production depended on sound agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that economic liberty was the foundation of a natural economic system; economy should be based on the forces of supply and demand |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious toleration was a primary social condition for the virtuous life |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on belief that human nature, which was originally good, corrupted by society |
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Term
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Definition
| Rousseau imagined a social reform in which the individual surrenders his natural rights to the general will in order to secure society |
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Term
| Philip II strengthened Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands because... |
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Definition
| He wanted to punish Dutch Protestants |
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Term
| Elizabeth's main goal in foreign policy |
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Definition
| Avoid open warfare whenever possible and keep England strong and at peace |
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Term
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Definition
| The defeat of Islamic states on the Iberian peninsula |
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Term
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Definition
| Machiavelli; "Bible of 20C dictators"; reality-based treatise; empirical (hands-on); wanted to unify Italy |
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Term
| United Provinces of Netherlands (Post-independence from Spain) |
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Definition
| Weak union of strong provinces |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak title because it was an elected monarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| Consolidated power in Spain by obtaining from the papacy the right to make ecclesiastical appointments in Spain |
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Term
| Elizabeth I's Religious policy |
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Definition
| Moderation and comprimise |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpopular tax on ports; extended to inland towns and generated resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| After war of roses, new Tudor monarch |
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Term
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Definition
| Joined Protestant forces during 30 years war; defied mother (Marie de Medici) and laid the foundations for absolute monarchial rule in France. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only 5 when king; made reign longest in Europe; led France through Golden Age and proclaimed "I am the state" |
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Term
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Definition
| Led the Catholic League and briefly married to "Bloody Mary"; annexed portugal |
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Term
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Definition
| First Czar of the longest ruling family in Russia |
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Term
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Definition
| Queen of Scots; killed by Elizabeth |
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Term
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Definition
| "The Great Elector"; waged war and acquired much territory; established a central admin bureaucracy and a modern civil service in Prussia |
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Term
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Definition
| Nicknamed "Bloody Mary"; tried to reinstate Catholicism in England after Edward died |
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Term
| Holy Roman Emperor Charles V |
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Definition
| Prompted Pope Paul III to convene the Council of Trent in 1545 to assess the condition of the Catholic Church and define its doctrines |
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Term
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Definition
| "The terrible"; tortured many of his people and caused feudalism in Russia |
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Term
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Definition
| People who served a prince |
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Term
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Definition
| Advocated active service to the city-state |
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Term
| Northern Humanists vs. Italians |
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Definition
| Northern focused on the Bible and early church fathers |
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Term
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Definition
| Distorted human figures and unnatural lighting |
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Term
| Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man |
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Definition
| God gave humans free will so that they could choose to be earthly or spiritual creatures |
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Term
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Definition
| NeoClassicism where the traditional characteristics of harmony and symmetry were valued |
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Term
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Definition
| Proved the Donation of Constantine as a fraud |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintained that the true source of authority withing the church was scripture |
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Term
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Definition
| The spoken language of an era |
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Term
| Dominant trend in Renaissance city-states in Italy |
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Definition
| From republicanism to despotism(single entity rules with absolute power) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Favorite author of Renaissance scholars |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Catiglione; suggested the proper social graces for a young Renaissance noble |
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Term
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Definition
| Cervantes; satirized ideals of chivalry |
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Term
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Definition
| Sculptor but commissioned to paint Sistine Chapel |
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Term
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Definition
| First great painter of Renaissance |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote about giants and their huge appetites |
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Term
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Definition
| "Father of modern skepticism"; God is unknowable and people can't be perfect |
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Term
| 18th century: British nobility vs. French nobility |
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Definition
| The English accepted the social responsibilities of their position and participated more in government |
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Term
| 18th Century Largest City of Europe |
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Definition
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Term
| Peasant life in 18th Century Europe |
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Definition
| Vulnerable to taxes and rents |
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Term
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Definition
| Artistic movement that replaced Baroque |
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Term
| Greatest threat to 18th century English farmers |
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Definition
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Term
| Children in the 18th century |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| First to initiate a political campaign to abolish slavery |
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Term
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Definition
| Separated from non-Jews in ghettos |
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Term
| Purpose of English navigation acts |
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Definition
| Required colonial goods to be shipped to England in English ships |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of the French Empire in America; struggle between Prussia and Austria for Central Europe |
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Term
| 18th Century British Mercantilism |
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Definition
| Encouraged staple-crop production in America; required trade between Britain and other colonies to be carried in English ships; prohibited certain items from non-British countries; required items imported into colonies must go through Britain first; resulted in decline of Dutch shipping and commerce |
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Term
| Economic theory of mercantilism |
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Definition
| A government should seek to direct the economy so as to maximize exports |
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Term
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Definition
| Contended that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own economic interests |
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Term
| Nations that acquired territory in Asia through joint-stock companies |
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Definition
| Great Britain and the Netherlands |
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Term
| 18th century economic change |
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Definition
| Increase in population and food supply |
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Term
| British East India Company |
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Definition
| Financial and admin success; controlled India |
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Term
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Definition
| Landowner who applied the principles of science to agriculture |
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Term
| Adam Smith's Economic Theory |
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Definition
| Governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Employment of laborers who worked at home and were dependent on merchants |
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Term
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Definition
| Adam Smith; referred to automatic mechanism of a free economy |
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