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| Fought with Parliament and lost colonies of NA |
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| Succeeded with program of reform by accepting aristocratic influence |
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| Came to terms with Russia's nobility |
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| Lacked character and resolution to end dispute; corruption of monarchy could not get French public on its side; lied |
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| Chacellor; determined to break parlements and increase nobility tax; abolished parls and exiled members; admin more efficient; failure b/c death of Louis XV |
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| Swiss banker; director general of finances; suggested situation not bad and removal from American war would create a surplus |
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| Charles Alexandre de Calonne |
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| Minister of finance; proposed internal trade to lower taxes (like the gabelle on salt) |
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| Drawn from upper ranks; refused action; wanted to have a bigger share of government; called for Necker and disliked new taxes |
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| Etienne Charles Lomenie de Brienne |
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| Replaced Calonne; archbishop of Toulous and chief opponent of Calonne at Assebly of Notables sought to reform land tax but Parliament of Paris took new position and couldn't change anything; appealed to Assembly of the Clergy |
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| French parliament; Called by the Monarch; distrust arose between them and monarchy |
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| Concluded the longer-term political reorganization of France |
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| Part of the Estates General; everyone else in the kingdom |
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| Published pamphlet in 1789 on third estates reps; "What is the Third Estate?" |
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| List of grievances registered by local electors for king; wanted better taxes and periodic meetings of estates general |
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| Third Estate invited clergy and nobles to help organize a new legislative body |
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| The National Assembly stayed inside a tennis court until they made a new constitution |
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| National Constitute Assembly |
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| Members from all 3 orders who shared liberal goals for France |
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| Wife of Louis XIV; hated and later killed by French public |
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| Militia of Paris; offered command to Marquis |
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| Hero of American Rev gave guard red and blue striped of Paris separated by white of king; became cockade(badge) of revolutionary France |
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| Started by Bastille; days which populace of Paris redirected the course of the rev; fall of fortress signaled the NCA couldn't do it alone |
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| Rumors that royal troops were going to be sent into rural districts; peasants burned of chateaux and refusal to pay feudal dues |
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| Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen |
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| Issued by NCA; drew on political language of Enlightenment and influenced by Declaration of Rights; adopted by Virginia in America; "men are born and remain free and equal in rights"; death certificate of Old Regime; applied to men not women |
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| Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression |
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| NCA; established a constitutional monarchy; Legislative Assembly for laws; king allowed to veto |
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| Butchers daughter and rev radical; composed Declaration of the Rights of Women |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Women |
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| Reprinted Declaration on Man and Citizen and added women; demanded that women be regarded as citizens; own property and equality in marriages |
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| Replaced provinces that were named after nature; subdivided into districts and local elections indirect; permanent achievement |
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| Forbade workers associations |
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| Government bonds; authorized by assembly and value guaranteed by revenue to be generated from the sale of church property; inflation and penalized the poor; a failure |
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| Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
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| Turned the RCC into a secular state; reduced bishoprics from 135 to 83 and brought conformed borders; provided for election of priests as employees of the state |
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| Settled in countries near French border to create a counterrevolution |
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| Emperor Leopold II of Austria and Fredrick William II King of Prussia |
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| Promised to intervene in France to protect royal family and preserve monarchy if rest of Europe agreed; rejected by Great Britain |
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| Dominican friars and met in a Dominican monastery in Paris; established a network of local clubs and were the most advanced political group in the NCA; radical thought from Enlightenment; politics replaced old one |
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| Jacobins; assumed leadership; determined to oppose couterrevolution; caused emigres to return and clergy to support the Civil Constitution |
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| Governed girondists that declared war on Austria; allied to Prussia; believed the war would preserve rev from domestic enemies and bring advanced revs to power |
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| Overthrew the constitutional monarchy and established a republic; dangerous |
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| Led a group of women to petition the LA for the right to bear arms; tried for National Guard; showed rev changing tradition |
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| Commander of Prussian forces; issued a manifesto promising destruction of Paris if French royal family harmed; caused even more distrust of Louis (king) |
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| Paris Commune executed 1,200 people in city jails and assumed they were counterrevolutionists |
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| Body;met in 1792 to write a democratic constitution; declared France a republic |
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| Nation governed by an elected assembly without a monarch |
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| French army halted Prussian advance; victory of democrats |
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| "without breeches"; shopkeepers, artisans and factory workers with troubled lives; required labor for war; wanted relief from food shortages and believed all people had a right to subsistence; hostile to the nobles and hated inequality |
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| Jacobins part of Parisian sans trying to overthrow monarchy and carried rev to win way; favored an unregulated economy |
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| Victor of Valmy; deserted to enemy |
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| Irish-born writer and British statesman; argued diff position in Reflections of the Rev in France; reconstruction of French admin= blind rationalism; saw future turmoil as people without political experience tried to govern France |
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| Great Britain's Prime minister; turned against reform and popular movements; suppressed London Corresponding Society (working class reformers) |
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| Government sponsored a mob to drive Joseph Priestley, a famous chemist and radical, out of country |
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| Attempted to protect social structures; Jacobins |
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| Govt mobilization caused thousands to be arrested and executed from all social classes; from rev |
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| Committee of General Security and Committee of Public Safety |
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| Established by convention for govt; lead by Jacques Danton, Robespierre, and Carnot; saved rev from enemies and worked with sans |
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| Military requisition on entire population; conscripted males into army and directed economic production of military |
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| Civic virtue; sacrifice of oneself for good of republic; upheld public over private good |
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| Maximilien de Robespierre |
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| Embodied virtue; emerged as lead in CPS; selfless and favored a republic of Jacobins; wholehearted support of republican govt and renunciation of selfish gains; supported policies of terror |
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| Society of Revolutionary Republican Women |
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| Founded by Pauline Leon and Claire Lacombe |
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| Extreme sans-culotte leaders; executed |
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| Permitted rev tribunal to convict suspects without evidence |
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| Cult of the Supreme Being |
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| Abolished reason by Robespierre; reflected civic religion inducing morality |
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| Members of the Convention shouted Robespierre during a speech and had him executed; Jacobins feared him and sans hated him |
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| 1794; consisted of deconstruction of machinery of terror and new constitutional regime; result of over-radicalization and weariness of sans and terror |
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| People involved in Reign of Terror attacked; Jacobins executed and Convention approved of trials; gangs of youths roamed the streets and "bands of Jesus" murdered prisoners |
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| Constitution of the Year III |
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| Replaced which reflected Therm determination to reject monarchy and democracy; provided upper and lower councils |
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| Political reaction; political structure and society on rank gave way to civic equality and status based on property |
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| Middle class; property won by wealth from commerce and land; peasants emerged as landowners without tax |
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