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| Oration on the Dignity of Man |
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| This Renaissance work, written by Pico della Mirandola, emphasized that humans are made in the image of God and are capable of greatness. It is considered a significant humanist work. |
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| This Renaissance work, written by Baldassare Castiglione, emphasized that a Renaissance man should be a gentleman, a warrior, poet, and musician, and should be versed in the Greek and Roman classics. |
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| This Renaissance work, written by Erasmus, criticized the immorality of the Church at the time. |
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| This term applies to monarchs between 1460 and 1520. They governed by reducing the power of the nobility while expanding their bureaucracies. |
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| This Portuguese explorer first sailed around the southern tip of Africa, discovering a sea route to Asia. |
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| This Spanish explorer is credited with the discovery of the Americas. He was the first European to reach the New World since the Vikings. |
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| This Spanish explorer and his crew were the first to have circumnavigated the globe. |
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| This treaty divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. |
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| Simony (the sale of church offices), pluralism (holding multiple offices simultaneously), absenteeism (failing to carry out the duties of a church office), and the sale of indulgences are all causes of this major religious movement. |
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| Pope Paul III led the Counter-Reformation, presiding over this council. |
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| This edict, later repealed by the Edict of Fountainbleau, was issued by Henry IV (of Navarre) to give religious freedom to Huguenots in France. |
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| Frederick William (The Great Elector) |
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| This Prussian leader consolidated power after the Thirty Years' War by military force, creating one of the most efficient European armies. |
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| This Prussian leader was an absolutist, further expanding the Prussian army and ensuring the loyalty of Prussian elites (Junkers) with a unique caste, or rank, in the military. |
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| Viscount Charles Townsend |
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| This British man was responsible for breakthroughs in agriculture, such as crop rotation and draining land for farming use. |
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| This British man invented the seed drill. |
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| This British man developed selective livestock breeding, only allowing the hardiest and most productive animals to breed. |
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| This treaty ended the War of Spanish Succession. |
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| This treaty ended the Seven Years' War, giving Britain all French territory in North America and parts of northeast India. |
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| This Austrian conservative opposed liberalism and issued the Carlsbad Decrees, which cracked down on liberalism in universities. |
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| This British political party implemented the Corn Laws and is responsible for the Peterloo Massacre, both examples of a crackdown on liberalism. |
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| This revolt occurred after the death of Russian czar Alexander I. Upper-class opponents to the new czar, Nicholas I, wanted to prevent him from taking power. |
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| This man, the Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, led the political effort to unify Italy. |
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| This man led the military effort to liberate southern Italy and Sicily and unify them with the rest of Italy. |
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| In World War I, the German offensive against France was halted at this battle. |
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| Trench warfare, or war of attrition |
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| After the Battle of the Marne, European armies adopted this tactic with catastrophic results in World War I. The Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme are examples. |
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| This revolution overthrew Czar Nicholas II in 1917 and established the Provisional Government in Russia. |
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| Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies |
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| This organization shared power with the Provisional Government of Russia in 1917. They issued Army Order #1, which stripped all military officers of their authority, leading to a collapse of discipline in common soldiers. |
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| This revolution overthrew the Provisional Government in Russia and established a communist state (the USSR, or Soviet Union). |
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| This plan restructured Germany's post-WWI debt, which led to some recovery for the German economy. |
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| This term describes the collection of republicans, socialists, and communists opposed to fascism in France. |
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| Italy's invasion of Ethiopia was one of the first examples of the weakness of this international organization. |
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| Germany annexed this region in 1938, after British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain allowed it in his strategy of appeasement. |
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| Lebensraum (Living Space) |
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| Hitler used this term to describe territory annexed by Germany to be inhabited by German citizens, once the native populations were removed. |
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| This rebellion occurred in a Soviet sattelite state after Poland was granted a certain degree of political autonomy. Repressed by Soviet soldiers. |
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| Prague Spring (Revolution in Czechoslovakia) |
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| This rebellion occurred in a Soviet sattelite as Alexander Dubcek began to introduce reforms towards "humane socialism." Repressed by Soviet and other Eastern Bloc soldiers. |
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| This theory of economics was practiced by many European countries. It encouraged deficit spending by governments to stimulate economic growth. |
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| This term describes governments that provide universal services to all of their citizens, including healthcare, education, social security, unemployment benefits, and pensions. Many Western European nations adopted this method of governing. |
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| European Economic Community (EEC/Common Market) |
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| This group, formed under the Treaty of Rome in 1957, removed trade barriers between member nations. This led to increased economic unity within Western Europe. |
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| This political organization succeeded the European Economic Community (EEC/Common Market), establishing a degree of political unity across Europe. |
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| This treaty established the euro (€) as the currency of European Union member nations. |
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