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| The period from the mid-seventeenth century on in Europe during which great agricultural progress was made and the fallow was gradually eliminated |
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| Forced migration ofmillions of Africans to work in servitude during the eighteenth century. By the peak decade of the 1780s, shipments of black men and women averaged about 80,000 per year. |
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| The open meadows maintained by villages for public use. |
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| Domestic industry, a stage of rural industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that necessarily precesed the emergence of large-scale factory industry. |
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| People of Spanish Blood born in America |
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| The system by which farmers would rotate the types of crops grown in each field as to not deplete the soil ofits natural resources. |
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| A system which allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers/slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing foot, shelter, and a little money; It is a form of serfdom. |
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| Based on the writings of Adam Smith, it is the belief in free trade ad competition. Smith argued that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor. |
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| The idea to enclose individual share of the pastures as a way of farming more effectively. |
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| System of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state. |
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| The result of the English desire to increase both military power and private wealth, requries that goods improrted from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc. |
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| The result of the English desire to increase both military power and private wealth, required that goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British--owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc. |
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| The transformation of large number of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners |
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| Term used to describe the 18th century rural industry. (off site sweat shops) |
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| A time of revelling and excess in Catholic and Mediterranean Europe |
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| The result of a break down in late marriages and few births out of wedlock that began occurring in the second half of the 18th century. |
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| The willfull destruction of newborn children |
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| The name given to nurses with whom no child ever survived |
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| The name given to a Protestant religious group started by John Wesley, so named because of their methodical devotion. |
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| The name for the Protestant revival that began in Germany; it stressed enthusiasm, the preiesthood of all believers, and the practical power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs. |
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| A widespread and flourishing business in the 18th century where women would suckle the children of middle to upper class women's children for money. |
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| Well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups |
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| The idea that in government the executive, legislative and judicial branches would systematically balance each other and that the government wuld be checked by the power of the individual states |
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| Exemplified by the American Constitution and the Bill of Rights, liberty meant individual freedoms, and political safeguards, equality meant equality before the law. |
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| A monarchy where the king remains head of state but all lawmaking power goes to the hands of another governing body such as the national assembly. |
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| Orders, the way in which France's inhabitants were legally divded the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else. |
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| A group contesting control of the National Convention in France named after a department in Southwestern France. |
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| The fear of vagabonds and outlaws that seized the countryside and fanned the flames of rebellion. |
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| In Revolutionary France, a political club whose members were a radical Republican group. |
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| The two ideas that fueled the revolutionary period in both America and Europe. |
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| Priviledges of lordship that allowed them to tax the peasantry for their own profit. |
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| A plan created by Robespierre and his coworkers that involved the government in the economy - the government would set maximum allowable prices for key products rather than letting supply and demand determine prices. |
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| Robespierre used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front, in special courts rebels and enemies of the nation were tried for political crimes. |
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| the name for the laboring poor and the petty traders. |
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| A phase when the fall of the French monarchy marked a rapid radicalization of the revolution. |
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| The idea that people alone had the authority to make laws limiting an individual's freedom of action, in practice this system of government meant choosing legislators the people and were accountable to them. |
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| A group contesting control of the National Convention in France led by Robespierre and George Jaques Danton |
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| A reaction to the Reign of Terror where middle class professionals reasserted their authority. |
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