Term
| What was the primary reason for higher urban death rates in early modern European cities? |
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Definition
| Disease caused by unsanitary, overcrowded cities (faster spread) |
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Term
| How did the Industrial Revolution intensify existing urban problems? |
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Definition
| Factories create population growth |
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Term
| Where were the problems of the urban environment brought on by industrialization first felt? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 1820's and 1830's, what were the biggest problems regarding urban conditions? |
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Definition
1) City design
2) Bad sanitation (restrooms)
3) Housing and transport |
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Term
| What factors were responsible for bad urban conditions in the early 19th c.? (4) |
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Definition
1) Population
2) Absence of transport
3) Slow government responses
4) Legacy of rural housing and ignorance |
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Term
| What were the ideas of Jeremy Bentham? |
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Definition
| Utilitarianism: greatest good for the greatest number |
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Term
| What were Chadwick's theories on urban problems? (2) How did he provide solutions? |
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Definition
1) Miasmatic theory (bad odors --> disease)
2) disease and bad sanitation --> poverty
-Fixed sanitation probs by publishing reports on sanitation
-Public health law and national health board- required sewers and clean piped water in GB
-influenced other countries |
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Term
| What were achievements of Louis Pasteur? |
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Definition
-Germ Theory
-Pasteurization |
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Term
| What were the discoveries made by Robert Koch and other German researchers in medicine ca. 1870-1900? These discoveries led to the development of _____. |
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Definition
Specific organisms to specific diseases
Vaccines |
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Term
| What was the greatest discovery of Joseph Lister? |
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Definition
| Antiseptic principle --> sterilization of wounds, instruments, etc. |
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Term
| The achievements of the bacterial revolution and the rise of public health were especially felt after [yr.]. Why did death rates drop? |
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Definition
1880
decline of infectious disease |
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Term
| Who did Napoleon III place in charge of the redesigning of Paris? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were design and planning issues of Paris around 1850? (4) |
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Definition
1) narrow streets
2) slums --> poverty
3) few open spaces
4) no public transport |
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Term
| How did urban planning and redesigning Paris fix old problems? (6) |
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Definition
1) Wide boulevards
2) demolition of slums and old buildings
3) New housing esp for m.c.
4) Parks
5) Sewers and aqueducts
6) Public transport: horse drawn --> electric (1890) |
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Term
| What were zoning expropriation laws? |
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Definition
| Allowed majority of landowners to improve housing, street, and/or sanitation even if a minority objected |
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Term
| Between 1850 and 1906, by how much did the real wages of British workers increase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Industrialization did not fix the inequality of wealth. The richest 5% owned __% of the wealth, and the bottom 30% owned around __% or less. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did industrialization and urbanization create more social groups? Whose prediction did this defy? |
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Definition
Econ. specialization and more types of jobs
Marx |
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Term
| Around 1900, the middle classes accounted for around __% of the population in advanced European countries. |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of professions in the later 19th c. were associated with the upper-middle class? What were the characteristics of the upper-middle class? |
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Definition
Banking, industry, trade
Aristocratic lifestyle: country homes, carriages, lots of servants, marriage to aristocrats |
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Term
| What were new professions associated with the traditional middle class following the Industrial Revolution? What were existing professions remaining in the moderate middle class? |
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Definition
New: managers, engineers, less successful industrialists and merchants
Old: law, medicine |
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Term
| What was the effect of economic development on the size of the moderate and lower middle classes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Economically, what was the standing of the moderate middle class? |
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Definition
| Solid and comfortable but not as wealthy as the upper and upper middle classes |
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Term
| What types of lower-middle class jobs grew in size during the later 19th c.? |
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Definition
| Shopkeepers, white-collar, nurses, teachers |
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Term
| What separated white-collar employees from the skilled and semi-skilled workers? |
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Definition
| Culture of fierce devotion to middle class status (NOT wealth) |
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Term
| What were distinct characteristics of the middle-class culture and lifestyle in the later 19th c.? (6) |
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Definition
1) Food and dinner parties
2) Servants
3) Rented houses
4) Clothing and fashion
5) Education: books, music, travel
6) Behavior and morality: hard work, Christian values. No drinking or excessive sex. |
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Term
| In the later 19th c., __% of the population belonged to the working class. |
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Definition
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Term
| What effects did urbanization and industrialization have on the working class in general? (3) |
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Definition
1) More away from agriculture
2) More variety of jobs
3) Less unity and common culture due to split of w.c. into a social hierarchy |
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Term
| What types of jobs were associated with the "labor aristocracy" of the later 19th c.? What were characteristics of this class? (3) |
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Definition
Construction and factory foremen, skilled workers whose trades had not been industrialized
1) Natural leaders of w.c. - not middle class aspirants
2) State of flux caused by shifts in types of jobs
3) Stern morality: economical, education, politics, housing; no drinking and limited sex |
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Term
| What were professions associated with the later 19th c. semi-skilled working class? |
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Definition
| Carpenters, bricklayers, pipe-fitters, factory workers |
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Term
| What professions were associated with the unskilled working class? What characterized this class? |
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Definition
Day laborers (incl. teamsters), domestic servants, self-employed street and market workers
No common unity and heavy competition for meager wages |
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Term
| What fraction of women ages 15-20 in 1911 worked as domestic servants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was domestic service still an attractive job for late 19th c. women? (2) |
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Definition
1) Better/varied marriage prospects in city
2) Wages better than agricultural work |
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Term
| How did working-class wives with poor husbands make extra money? Was the job well-paying? |
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Definition
"sweated industries"- handmade clothing and decorations
no, pitiful wages and no job security |
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Term
| What was the favorite late 19th c. leisure time activity of the working class, generally? Why? (3) |
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Definition
Drinking
1) Less heavy drinking
2) More public and social
3) Participation of women |
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Term
| What were the most popular sports in late 19th c. Europe? |
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Definition
| Soccer and racing (gambling) |
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Term
| What were the most popular entertainment venues for the middle class? The working class? |
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Definition
W.C.- music halls and vaudeville
M.C.- opera and classical theater |
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Term
| Why did the Church decline in the late 19th c.? (2) |
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Definition
1) Not enough new churches to keep up w/ pop growth of urbanization
2) Church associated with conservatism as w.c. becomes more politically conscious |
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Term
| Generally, people in the late 19th c. Europe married because of _____. |
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Definition
| Romance with economic considerations |
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Term
| Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850? (2) |
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Definition
1) Growth of contraception (industrialization provided)
2) Economic stability and more wages --> marriage is economically easier
Possibly moral codes and increased puritanism (unconvincing evidence) |
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Term
| The economic capital that drove prostitution came from _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Was prostitution in late 19th c. Europe a permanent job? |
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Definition
| No, after prostitution some women went on to marry and establish homes and families |
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Term
| What is evidence that late 19th c. working-class kinship ties were stronger? (4) |
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Definition
1) newlyweds live near parents
2) families aid in crisis
3) Aged relatives help with childcare
4) Sunday dinners to share info |
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Term
| What was the pattern of women working in the public sphere after 1850? What trade was the exception? |
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Definition
Division of labor- women stay home (separate spheres), few well-paying jobs
Retail trade |
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Term
| Who accurately stated in the early 19th c. that "in law husband and wife are one person, and the husband is that person?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the biggest disadvantage of women, having no legal identity in the early 19th c.? |
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Definition
| Could not own property and thus could not be independent |
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Term
| What 19th c. document took away nearly all rights of women in France? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the two divisions in the late 19th/early 20th c. women's rights movement and how did they differ? |
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Definition
1) m.c. women
-political rights for unmarried women
-access to education and employment
2) w.c. socialist women
-liberation through revolution |
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Term
| What did the 1882 Married Women's Property Act do? |
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Definition
| Gave married women full property rights |
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Term
| When did Zurich University and Oxford University begin giving women's degrees, respectively? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who were the first two highly influential female doctors in Berlin? |
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Definition
| Franziska Tiburtius and Emilie Lehmus |
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Term
| What were changes to women's lives in the private sphere in the late 19th c.? (2) Why? |
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Definition
1) Much more control over the household
-b/c running household was complicated and demanding, and role of pampering the husband
2) Stronger emotional bonds
-b/c urban life was impersonal and harsh outside home and also b/c of romantic marriage |
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Term
| Who wrote Mr., Mrs., and Baby and what were its ideas? (3) |
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Definition
Gustave Droz
1) Romance in marriage = key to happiness
2) Marriage of two people closer in age
3) Focus on child care |
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Term
| What is evidence that parents and children developed stronger emotional ties in the late 19th c.? (4) |
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Definition
1) New attitudes towards infants, increase in breast feeding
2) Specialized books like Mr., Mrs., and Baby
3) Fewer abandoned children
4) Reduction in family size -> more care |
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Term
| Why did parents reduce the size of families in the late 19th c.? |
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Definition
| Children no longer an economic asset, best goal to improve the standing of their children |
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Term
| What were emotional problems with the way children were raised in the late 19th c.? |
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Definition
1) Over-concern with children's "determined" traits
2) Over-concern with sexual purity (masturbation)
3) Difficult father-child relationships |
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Term
| Which 1881 Russian Novel by whom exemplifies difficult father/children relationships by describing brothers who murder their father? |
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Definition
| The Brothers Karamazov, by Feodor Dostoevski |
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Term
| What were important ideas of Sigmund Freud? (4) |
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Definition
1) Psychoanalysis and therapy (recall strong emotions)
2) Oedipal tensions: competition with father for mother's love
3) Sexual impulses vs. rationality
4) Defense mechanisms that keep the conscious mind from rationally analyzing behavior |
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Term
| In the 19th c., the youth of which class were the most independent? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the scientific developments of the 19th c. differ from those of the Scientific Revolution? |
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Definition
Sci Rev: no impact on common life
19th c.: Practical improvements |
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Term
| In which fields especially in the 19th c. did scientists make progress? (4) How did each "break through?" |
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Definition
1) Biology/medicine
-lives saved
2) Thermodynamics
-law of conservation of energy
3) Chemistry
-Mendeleev's periodic law and table
-Organic chemistry
-Synthetic dyes out of coke for fashion
Electricity
-Faraday's generator |
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Term
| Which economist said of 19th c. scientific developments: "science was put in the service of industry?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What were intellectual consequences of 19th c. scientific developments? (3) |
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Definition
1) importance of science
2) natural laws, not divine will = progress
3) triumph of scientific method |
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Term
| 19th c. social scientists differed from Enlightenment philosophes in that 19th c. social scientists used _____ to analyze society, leading to unified, encompassing _____. |
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Definition
statistics and data
theories |
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Term
| Who wrote System of Positive Philosophy (1842) and what are its ideas? |
|
Definition
Auguste Comte
Early sociology
Intellectual activity: theological --> abstract --> positive (scientific) |
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Term
| Darwin was influenced by geologist _____ and his principle of _____, as well as scientist _____, who theorized _____, and lastly by economist _____. |
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Definition
Charles Lyell
uniformitarianism- earth's surfaces slowly shaped by geological processes
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Evolution based on adjustment to environment flawed by idea of acquired characteristics
Thomas Malthus |
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Term
| Darwin's greatest and most influential work is entitled _____ (yr?). |
|
Definition
| On the Origin of Species, 1859 |
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|
Term
| Darwin's second book on evolutionary theory, _____ (yr?) applies natural selection to human evolution. |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the influence of Darwin's works? |
|
Definition
1) "Newton of biology"- synthesized previous ideas
2) religious criticism
3) Social Darwinists: evolution of humans based on economics
-Herbert Spencer |
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Term
| What were important characteristics of realism? (4) |
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Definition
1) Rejection of Romanticism
2) Lower class focus
3) "explain as it was"- taboo subjects
4) Determinism- natural laws in a definite environment |
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Term
| Where did the realist movement originate? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who wrote Madame Bovary (1857) and what was it about? |
|
Definition
Gustave Flaubert
-m.c. housewife betrayed by marriage and love, critical of m.c. morality |
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|
Term
| Who wrote Germinal (1885) and what was it about? |
|
Definition
Emile Zola
-w.c. life- miners deformed by work
-ties to socialism |
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|
Term
| Who wrote Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life (1872) and what was it about? |
|
Definition
George Eliot
-characters face life despite disappointment
-people shaped by choices AND environment |
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Term
| Who wrote Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891) and The Return of the Native (1878)? Which other realist's style and subject theme resembles his? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who wrote War and Peace (1869) and what are its messages? |
|
Definition
Leo Tolstoy
-Russian fatalism- no free will
-only love, trust, and family endure |
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Term
| Who wrote The World of Yesterday (1943)? How did it view sexuality in the late 19th century? |
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Definition
Stephan Zweig
He criticized the hypocritical coexistence of dirty prostitution and middle-class over-protection of women, and most of all, the lack of "honest relationships" |
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