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AP Euro: 17 E. Absolutism
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe to 1740
64
History
10th Grade
01/01/2012

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Term
Why did serfdom reemerge in Eastern Europe in the 15th/16th c.? (3)
Definition
1. Loss of free movement
2. Heavier labor obligations
3. Manipulation of legal system
Term
What is hereditary subjugation?
Definition
Peasants bound to the land from one generation to the next.
Term
What is the main economic factor that drove the reemergence of serfdom?
Definition
Growth of estate agriculture demand for food (esp from W. Eur. rises)
Term
Were economic or political factors more responsible for the reemergence of serfdom?
Definition
Political
Term
What are political factors that led to the growth of Eastern serfdom?
Definition
1. Political aristocrats
2. Weak or agreeable monarchs
3. Weak selling power of peasants
4. Weak towns/m.c.
Term
Why were the religious tensions in the period leading up to the Thirty Years' War? What did religious groups form because of this?
Definition
Disputes over religion of land - probs with Peace of Augsburg, Calvinism excluded. Problems of conversion

Protestant Union, Catholic League - each wanted to stop exp. of other
Term
What is the first phase of the Thirty Years' War called? Who leads each side and who wins?
Definition
Bohemian phase

Ferdinand (Catholic) vs. Frederick (Prot.)

Catholics win, Bohemia completely Catholic
Term
What are the results of the Battle of White Mountain? (yr?)
Definition
Catholics defeat Protestants, leads Catholics to convert all of Bohemia (1620)
Term
What is the second phase of the Thirty Years' War called? Who leads each side and who wins?
Definition
Danish Phase
Wallenstein (Cath) vs. Christian IV (Prot.)
Catholic Victory
Term
What was the Edict of Restitution?
Definition
All Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 restored

Only Catholics + Lutherans have religious freedom
Term
What is the third phase of the Thirty Years' War called? Who leads the Protestants?
Definition
Swedish phase

Gustavus Adolphus
Term
What are the results and consequences of the Battles of Breitenfeld and Lutzen?
Definition
Protestant comeback (Victories)
Adolphus killed in battle
Habsburgs stop trying to unite Germany
Term
The Swedes' defeat at the ______ prompts the _____ to enter the war on the _______ side.
Definition
Battle of Nordlingen
French
Protestant
Term
What is the fourth phase of the Thirty Years' War called? Describe it.
Definition
French phase

Long struggle, decimated land with neither side able to win
Term
How was the Peace of Westphalia a turning point in European history?
Definition
End to all religious wars
Term
What are the political effects of the Peace of Westphalia? (5)
Definition
1. Princes in HRE maintain power
2. Netherlands officially recognized
3. France and Sweden strengthened
4. HRE and Papacy weakened
5. Peace of Augsburg reaffirmed with Calvinism permissible
Term
What are the social effects of the Thirty Years' War? (2)
Definition
1. Destruction of land, agriculture, trade in Germany

2. Serfdom rises, nobles prosper
Term
Generally, how did Eastern monarchs gain sovereignty and establish absolutism in the 17th c.? (3)
Definition
1. Permanent taxes
2. Standing army
3. Control of foreign policy
Term
How did Austria establish Bohemia? Under which ruler?
Definition
Def. Protestant uprising t White Mountain in 1670

Reduced power of Bohemian Estates

Took land from Prot. nobles, gave them to Catholic nobles + for atristocrats

Ferdinand II
Term
What are the consequences of Austrian control over Bohemia? (2)
Definition
1. Peasants conditions worsen - robot: 3 days unpaid labor
2. No more Protestantism: Unity
Term
The Thirty Years' War led the Habsburgs to focus ____ to unify their holdings.
Definition
inward and eastward
Term
What were achievements of Ferdinand III? (2)
Definition
1. Consolidates core Austrian holdings under a strong centralized gov.
2. Permanent standing army
Term
After the __________, Hungary was divided between the Habsburgs and Ottomans?
Definition
Battle of Mobacs, 1576
Term
Why did the Hungarian nobility remain powerful despite Habsburg attempts at absolutism? (4)
Definition
1. Turkish military allies
2. National ideal
3. Habsburg preoccupation with War of Sp. Succession
4. Rebellion under Rakoczy
Term
What is evidence that Austria was successful in imposing absolutism in the 17th c.? (5)
Definition
1. Funds for army
2. German language
3. Catholicism
4. Vienna - Schoenbunn
5. Pragmatic Sanction - Habsburg possessions not to be divided even if a woman has to take throne
Term
After 1400, Prussia was at least nominally ruled by the ____ family.
Definition
Hohenzollern
Term
What were problems Prussia faced in 17th c. Statebuilding? (2)
Definition
1. Geography - no defense - "Sandbox of HRE"
2. Powerful aristocracy (Junkers)
Term
How did the Great Elector gain sovereignty from the Junkers? (2)
Definition
1. 30 Yrs War softens up estates, urgent need for military fund
2. Nobles' power confirmed in exchange for sovereignty. Serfs lose power, taxes on towns
Term
What are indications that the Great Elector was successful at building an absolutist state? (2)
Definition
1. Permanent taxation of estates - 3x revenue
2. Standing army - 10x size
Term
What was Frederick-William I's character? His nickname?
Definition
-Disciplined and militaristic "penny pinching"

"Soldier's King"
Term
How did Frederick-William I expand Prussian absolutism? (2)
Definition
1. Army - put aristocrats into army, using threats and opportunities - 4th biggest army, 12th biggest pop. of Europe. First-rate + organized. Militaristic society "Sparta of North"

2. Horest + conscientious bureaucracy
Term
How did the _____ nobles of Russia break free from the Mongol Yoke?
Definition
Muscovite

Princes of Moscow consolidated power, defeated princely rivals. They then stop acknowledging the Khan as their rule and took over politically-economically.
Term
How did Muscovite Princes claim to legitimize their authority? How was it actually legitimate?
Definition
Theoretical autocrats and heirs to Rome and Constantinople (marriage of Ivan III and last Byz emp.'s daughter)

Consensus with boyars + nationalism and loyalty to Russian Orthodox Church
Term
Who were the Russian Service nobility?
Definition
Tsars creating new nobles personally loyal to tsar in exchange for land. Service nobles also have to serve in army
Term
What were Ivan IV's (r. 1533-1589) accomplishments in his absolutist rule? (2)
Definition
1. Adds Kazan + Astrachan (Prev. Mongol) to Russia

2. Forces nobles/boyars to serve tsar to hold land
Term
In 1557, Ivan IV waged a 25-year exhausting, unsuccessful war against _____.
Definition
Poland - Lithuania
Term
How did Ivan IV create social unrest?
Definition
1. Execution of enemies --> boyar massacres
2. Weakened m.c. with service obligations
3. Cossack revolts --> even more oppression of peasants
Term
What events characterized the Time of Troubles in Russia (1598-1613)?
Definition
1. Palace intrigue
2. Polish/Swedish invasion
3. Cossack revolt by Bolotnikov, 1613
Term
Who was elected as tsar by the nobles after the Time of Troubles?
Definition
Michael Romanov
Term
Who was the patriarch in 1652 who tried to combine Greek and Russian orthodox practices, leading to rebellion?
Definition
Nikon
Term
Who led the Cossack revolt in 1670 against the Russian state under Alexis Romanov?
Definition
Stenka Razin
Term
What land did the Romanov tsars gain for Russia?
Definition
Ukraine, Siberia
Term
What were Peter the Great's motivations for attacking Sweden and initiating the Great Northern War?
Definition
territorial gain
Term
Who allied on the Russian side of the Great Northern War?
Definition
Denmark, Poland
Term
What are the results of the Battle of Narva? (yr?)
Definition
Swedish army routs Russia, Russia forced to retreat to Moscow
1700
Term
What is unigeniture?
Definition
inheritance of land by one son only
Term
To Peter the Great, modernization of Russia meant _____.
Definition
Westernization
Term
What does Russia gain for winning the Great Northern War?
Definition
Estonia and Latvia
becomes dominant power on Baltic Sea and a European Great Power
Term
What are the results of the Battle of Poltava? (yr?)
Definition
Russians crush Swedes, turning point of war
1709
Term
How did Peter the Great militarize Russia during the Great Northern War? (7)
Definition
1) Nobles have to either serve in army or civil service
2) Schools and universities, mandatory education
3) Military-civilian embryonic meritocracy
4) brought in foreign experts
5) Increased taxes
6) Peasants- drafted for life
7) Serfs --> factories and mines
Term
Why did Peter the Great construct St. Petersburg? (2)
Definition
1. Provide a more geographically favorable administrative capital than Moscow
2. Make a modern, Western city
Term
How was St. Petersburg constructed? Who funded it?
Definition
Forced peasant labor
Taxes on the wealthy nobles
Term
Who brought Italian influence to St. Petersburg's architecture in the mid-18th c.?
Definition
Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Term
When the Ottomans conquered territory, how did they treat those whom they conquered?
Definition
They were fairly lenient and borrowed ideas (Byzantines, Persians, Arabs)
Term
What are the results of the Battle of Lepanto (1571)?
Definition
Ottoman expansion stopped in Europe
Term
How did the Ottoman system of property differ from the European one?
Definition
no private property, all belongs to sultan, taxes to use land
No landed nobility
Term
The Ottoman bureaucracy was run by _____.
Definition
slave corps
Term
How did Ottomans source their slaves and how did the slaves serve the state?
Definition
male children from Balkans
Most trained to fight or work in civil service, talented rise to the top of bureaucracy
Term
Where did officials work and the sultan live in the Ottoman Empire?
Definition
Topkapi Palace, Istanbul
Term
What was the role of wives and concubines in the Ottoman Empire?
Definition
Sultans could only procreate with concubines and only one male heir per concubine
After Suleiman wives had children and gained more power
Term
What was the janissary corps?
Definition
powerful core of sultan's army
Term
What was the Treaty of Passarowitz? (yr?)
Definition
Completes Habsburg victory over Ottomans and leads to decline of Ottoman empire
1718
Term
What was the millet system?
Definition
Autonomous self-governed religious-ruled provinces
Religious leaders recognize sultan's rule in exchange for sovereignty over people
Term
How was the Ottoman Empire clearly an Islamic state despite extensive religious toleration? (2)
Definition
1) Religious schools
2) Islamic law courts
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