Shared Flashcard Set

Details

AP Euro
IDS
557
History
12th Grade
09/03/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Renaissance
Definition
"Rebirth" This is like the 15th century recreation of culture basically. They went back to the ancients, started painting and becoming humanistic. Individualism and secularism.
Term
Hanseatic League
Definition
Was a league of traders basically that controlled most of the shipping areas in the north. They basically has a monopoly on logging and all basic goods.
Term
Florence,Milan,Venice, The Papal states
Definition
Were basically the dominate players in Italy during the Renaissance. They were city states that basically led the world in culture. Milan and Venice and Florence controlled northern Italy and Papal States controlled central Italia.
Term
De Medici
Definition
Was one of the more dominate families in Florence. They were bankers who basically became super rich and controlled Florence for a while. They however did fall later because of bad banking but for a while were the most powerful family in Florence.
Term
Viscontis
Definition
Was the ruling family of Milan for a long time. They were good rulers but died out. They created a good centralized state.
Term
Sforas
Definition
Was one of the ruling families in Italy. Created highly centralized state and used taxation to maintain this power.
Term
"Book of the Courtier" by Baldassare Castiglione
Definition
Basically was the book that told people how Courtiers were suppose to act. He wrote the ideals for the nobles. It was fundamentally Important to European culture.
Term
Isabella d'Este
Definition
she was one of the more prominent rulers in Italy during the renaissance. She was known for her intelligence and political wisdom. She was one of the center for art and learning. She ruled Mantua.
Term
balance of power
Definition
Was that Italy was balanced. No one territory was stronger than another and so none of them fought eachother. No one party or territory could fight another.
Term
peace of Lodi
Definition
Was a treaty that set peace between Milan, Naples and Florence. It set boundaries and helped the balance of power mentality.
Term
Niccolo Machiavelli
Definition
Was one of the Political Philosphers from Florence Italy. he wrote the Prince and took morals out of politcs.
Term
Humanism
Definition
IS the idea that Man is great and is in control of his fute, can be good, and is the center of the world
Term
Civic Humanism
Definition
was created by Petrarch and basically was in Florence. Again going back to the ancients and the teachings cicero and Aristotle but really Cicero was the center of attention.
Term
Liberal Arts
Definition
Well the Liberal arts was basically learning everything. But during the Renaissance it meant learning the ancients and learning languages and being a doctus.
Term
Petrarch
Definition
Basically the creator of Humanism and Civiv Humanism. He was highly educated and big into the arts.
Term
Neoplatonism
Definition
The teachings of Plato. Of course they would be in the Renaissance being ancient. Human beings are the best is the belief.
Term
Hermeticism
Definition
Not based of Hermes but it is in the name anyway. But more ancient stuff Humans are great.
Term
Picco Della Mirandola
Definition
Well Mr. Mirandola wrote the Oration on the dignity of man. Not a big deal only the manifesto of the Renaissance. Humans can become great. Big renaissance philosopher.
Term
Leonardo Bruni
Definition
Wrote the history of the Florentine people. Probably one of the greatest historians of the renaissance. History became about the greatness of the people.
Term
Johannes Gutenburg
Definition
From Germany and brought the printing press to Europe. Which in the end was and is a big deal. Changed the way Europe worked tbh.
Term
Leonardo Da Vinci
Definition
Well he is a painter and basically in essence a Renaissance type of guy. He did it all. From Florence but did most of his stuff in Rome. He did the Mona Lisa and the last supper. He was a bright dude. High Renaissance
Term
Donato di Donatello
Definition
He was early renaissance sculptor. Came up with bas-relief and did things like David and the Equestrian.
Term
Rafael
Definition
Was a painter during the High Renaissance. Did things like Frescoes and was all really good like. Madonnas was his thing.
Term
Michelangelo
Definition
Il Divino he was a big deal and did a lot of cool things. He was a painter and a sculptor. He did works like DAVID and the Sistine Chapel. NBD
Term
Filippo Brunelleschi
Definition
Created the Dome at the Santa Maria del fiore. He did linear perspective stuff.
Term
High Renaissance
Definition
Was from 1480-1520, consisted of Michelangelo, Rafael,and Da Vinci, and it had a big focus in Rome.
Term
Northern Renaissance
Definition
Had less of an emphasis on nature and more on old Doctors of the Catholic Church. It took realism but used oil and did different things. Not as secular. Still Individualism, Empirical, all about Flanders and the Netherlands.
Term
Jan Van Eyck
Definition
Well he was the first one to use oil colors. He was from Flanders and did all these really realistic paintings. He did Annuciation and Virgin with Child.
Term
Albrecht Durur
Definition
German painter and he combined Italian Renaissance and Northern Renaissance to make his stuff. Does my Favorite painting which is his self portrait and Adam and Eve.
Term
Guillaume Dufay
Definition
He was a French Composer. He changed the composition of the mass and made it more secular. He had two major works in the mass Faxbourdon and antiphons.
Term
New Monarchies
Definition
After the crappy age of monarchs in the middle age really three countries monarchies had strong central governments. France, Spain and England.
Term
Hundred Years war
Definition
Was a conflict between the French and English monarchs. Both really wanted more money and power during the middle ages and so they went to war for a long time. Both ended having too many domestic issues to do anything.
Term
Estates-Generals
Definition
Well basically the French Parliment who let Charles VII get an army and then introduce the tax called taille which made it so he had income always. So he did not need them anymore.
Term
Louis XI
Definition
Well really he is the king the gets credited with creating the strength of the French Monarch. He makes it so they keep the taille and he expands land better than anyone else.
Term
War of Roses
Definition
Was a domestic problem in England between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. They fight for 30 years or so and the House of Lancaster wins.
Term
House of Lancaster
Definition
The Tudors and symbol was the red rose. They win and become the leaders of England.
Term
House of York
Definition
The losers they were the white rose. They just get destroyed after a while and all die out.
Term
Henry VII
Definition
Was the first Tudor King. He abolished "the livery and maintenance" policy and got rid of other lords having armies. He also had his own court called the star chamber and they made it so he could get money. He also did not let Parlament meet.
Term
Ferdinand of Aragon
Definition
He was the king of Aragon and he still ruled Aragon. Very Catholic.
Term
Isabella of Castille
Definition
Was the queen of Castille and led them very well. Was one of the first real prominent female rulers.
Term
Reconquista
Definition
In Spain the muslims came and started these little seperate nations. There were also seperate Christian nations as well. Thus there was this movement to reunite Spain under one kingdom.
Term
Inquisition
Definition
Is the Church's court and they deal with heresy. They were very cruel about heresy and anyone who was not Catholic. This led to Jews and Muslims fleeing the land. This was the way unite Spain too.
Term
Habsburgs
Definition
Was the ruling dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire and they were not very good at military or anything like that. What they were good at though was marrying. They married to keep themselves in power and out of trouble.
Term
Austria
Definition
Was apart of the Habsburg land added to the Holy Roman empire. Basically the land was the reason the family was soooo rich. Played a big part in Europe.
Term
Ottoman Empire
Definition
Also known as the Turks. They are from Turkey and controlled Asia Minor. Muslim group and are very good at fighting. They destroyed the Byzantine Empire and make it all the way to Vienna.
Term
Byzantine Empire
Definition
Well really they were just the continuation of the Roman empire in ancient days. They were from Greece. They controlled Constantinople so were always strong but
Term
Sistine Chapel
Definition
Was commissioned by Pope Julius II and built by Michelangelo. Most important chapel in Christianity and has the best art.
Term
David
Definition
Is a statue built by Michelangelo. It is in essence the Renaissance. He portrays David as huge and thinking and just like AWESOME. Humans are great.
Term
Rafael's Madonna
Definition
Pictures of Mary and Jesus in a super realistic way. Painted by Rafael and were put all over the place. Uses Linear perspective
Term
Last Supper
Definition
Painted by Da Vinci and shows Jesus and all the emotions of the apostles in it. Uses linear perspective and is very famous. High Renaissance.
Term
Renaissance Papacy
Definition
Well the papacy during the Renaissance supported art. They liked art and it help their culture. They also had to fight the councilar movement. They then had to also fight heresy and that was the major problem.
Term
Pope Martin V
Definition
The first pope to have to fight the Counciliar movement. 1417. He no fan.
Term
Pope Sixtus IV
Definition
He was a major fan of nepotism and so put 5 of his nephews as cardinals. He wanted to be rich.
Term
Pope Alexander VI
Definition
was a member of the Borgia family and had a son. Encouraged his son to have his own empire in the papal state and just was bad.
Term
Pope Julius II
Definition
He was the major fan of the Renaissance. Funded tons of things and was very rich. He built the Saint Peter's Basilica and paid for great art. Also known as the Warrior Pope.
Term
Pope Leo X
Definition
was also very big into the renaissance because of course he was Medici. He commissioned Rafael and made Rome the literary and artistic center.
Term
John Wycliffe
Definition
Was a reformer of the church from England. He thought all medieval practices by the church was wrong and thought the Bible was the be all end all. Followers were called Lollards.
Term
Jan Huss
Definition
Big fan of John Wtcliffe and Jan Huss used his ideas o make his movement. He thought the church was bad but this all fell on deaf ears and he was killed.
Term
Council of Constance
Definition
Was a council that dealt with heresy and they killed Jan Huss and caused a great war.
Term
Saint Peter's Basilica
Definition
Commissioned by Pope Julius II and basically is the center and capital of the Catholic church.
Term
Christian Humanism
Definition
Northern Humanism really. Was based in flanders and was more into the older teachings of the Catholic Church. It led to a reformation and used oil colors and emperical perspective.
Term
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Definition
He was a Christian Humanist who was a priest. Wanted reform and translated the New Testament into Greek and Latin. He wrote in praise of Folly and disagreed with Luther
Term
The Praise of Folly
Definition
Was a book by Erasmus or essay and anyway it is all about the corruption of Church and the follys from that. Piece of Christian Humanistic writing.
Term
Nepotism
Definition
Was putting family members in high position and appinting them to be cardinals without merit. Popes would do this all the time and well it was not cool.
Term
Simony
Definition
It was the selling of Church positions or positions n general to raise revenue for the Church.
Term
Matin Luther
Definition
Was a German priest who then became a professor and opposed the Church and after indulgences he wrote the 95 thesis and helped spark the protestant reformation. He established his own church Lutheran.
Term
Sola fide
Definition
It is the idea that by faith alone are humans saved. Good works do not matter
Term
sola scriptura
Definition
The idea that Bible contains everything needed for salvation and holiness. The Bible is the be all end all, like with originalists in the constitution, if it is not in the Constitution then it is not true.
Term
indulgences
Definition
It is the Church selling ways to get out of purgatory. People buy them for others and it was a big scam according to reformist. Luther hated them.
Term
Albrecht of Mainz
Definition
He was a big painter in the Northern Renaissance. He combined the ideas of the Italian Renaissance with his renaissance and did amazing paintings
Term
John Tetszel
Definition
Was the big seller of Indulgences in Germany that sparked huge controversy. He also did some Simony and it was just bad for him
Term
95 theses
Definition
written in 1517 by Luther, it just stated his issues with the Church. He hated the selling of Indulgences and really began the reformation.
Term
Diet of Augsburg
Definition
Was a meeting of the leaders of Germany and basically Charles V wanted to stop the Christian problem. They started wars basically.
Term
The Babylonian Captivity of the church
Definition
Written by Martin Luther, stating which sacrements he liked and did not like. He talked about transubstantiation and distanced himself from the Church.
Term
Against robbing and murdering hordes of peasants
Definition
Was written by Martin Luther talking about the Peasant war in Germany. He distanced himself from the people and liked the princes more.
Term
Edict of Worms
Definition
Was when Luther and Charles V faced off and basically Luther said he was going to believe what he believed and Charles was having none of it so he outlawed him and burned his works and wanted him arrested.
Term
Transubstantiation
Definition
Is a Catholic belief that the substance of bread and win changes into the body and blood of Christ which according to Luther is a lie.
Term
Ulrich Zwingli
Definition
Was another Christian humanist reformer from Zurich and believed very similar ideas as Luther. He died in the Civil war but brought reform to Zurich and that part of the Holy Roman Empire
Term
Marburg Colloquy
Definition
was when Zwingli and Luther were to come together but instead fought about the Eucharist and so the Protestant movement split.
Term
Habsburg-Valois wars
Definition
Were the Italian wars when France and Spain fought in Italy. They were called the Renaissance wars.
Term
Anabaptists
Definition
They were another reform movement. They were seen as a threat from both Catholics and Lutherans and were killed. They had a basis of adult baptism and separation of church and state. They took over a city and were just radical.
Term
Menno Simmons
Definition
Was the leader of an anabaptist group in the Netherlands that were peaceful. They were called mennonites and are still are real today.
Term
Thomas Muntzer
Definition
Was another German theologian who was a leader of the anabaptist movement and got killed.
Term
"Defender of the Faith"
Definition
Was the name the Pope had until Henry VIII began to call himself that and it is the leader of the church.
Term
Thomas More
Definition
Another Christian Humanist who was a statesman in England and wrote "utopia". He did not agree with Henry VII and he got killed.
Term
Catherine of Aragon
Definition
Was the wife of Henry VII until he wanted a divorce because she was not having a boy. She got killed
Term
Thomas Cranmer
Definition
Was Henry's leader of the English reformation. He the archbishop of Canterbuy and made it so Henry could get his divorce and helped write the laws to make the reformation happen.
Term
Act of Supremacy/ six articles act
Definition
These acts just made it so Henry was the head of the Church and everything stayed the same but different name. Anglican.
Term
Edward VI
Definition
Took the throne at age 9 and passed the council of regency so somebody else took control. He was sick and England became more Protestant.
Term
Queen Mary
Definition
Was Catholic and wanted to make sure England was, she became known as bloody mary and basically made it so there was no to go back to being Catholic.
Term
John Calvin
Definition
Was a French Theologian who start Calvinism in Geneva. He started the next reform group. He wrote the institutes of a Christian Relgion and believed in Predestination.
Term
Predestination
Definition
Is the central belief in John Calvin's theology. The belief that God before one is before has already been chosen for either heaven or hell.
Term
Geneva
Definition
Where John Calvin preached and taught from. It is the center of Calvinism
Term
The Ecclesiatical Ordinances
Definition
Were the rules for Calvin's Church in Geneva, they are the foundations for the Church
Term
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Definition
Is John Calvin's best work. It is an introduction to the Protestant faith and and cover everything. It is Calvinism but goes through it in a way to make it more accessible.
Term
Peace of Augsburg
Definition
Was the treaty between Charles V and the Protestant movement. It recognized Lutheranism and German princes could choose whether to be Catholic or Lutheran. It also ended Charles V dream of making Germany catholic.
Term
Schmalkaldic League
Definition
Were the group of Princes and protestants who did not want to be Catholic and so they formed this group and fought against Charles V and won.
Term
The Catholic Reformation
Definition
Was the Church trying to fix its internal problems. Seminaries were formed and Priests started to be train better. Focusing on a personal relationship with Christ. They wanted the Church to go back to its roots in a way but not being protestant.
Term
Ignatius of Loyola
Definition
He created these awesome spiritual exercises which are awesome btw. But he created the Jesuit order and fought against Protestants. He wanted be to be more casual and not as strict.
Term
Council of Trent
Definition
Lasted a very long time if I remember correctly like 18 years. The church redefined its teaching and abolished the Church abusings. They made sure people knew that good works were important and that the sacraments are awesome. They basically said whatever Luther and other people think is straight up heresy.
Term
Pope Paul III
Definition
He was in charge of the Church during its reformation. He wanted improve the Church and did the Council of Trent and got the Church going again.
Term
Prince Henry the Navigator
Definition
He was bro from Portugal, he funded all trips around the world. he became the leader in exploration under King Henry.
Cape Verde
Term
Bartholomew Diaz
Definition
He was from Spain and discovered India and the Cape of Good Hope.
Term
Vasco de Gama
Definition
He almost went around the cape of good hope. He was from Portugal and then his crew had a mutiny.
Term
Viceroys
Definition
The Spanish system of administration based on two officials.
Term
Christopher Columbus
Definition
He was an Italian explorer hired by the Spanish who thought he could sail to India by going west.
Term
Ferdinand Magellan
Definition
He was a spanish explorer who was the first one ever to circumnavigate.
Term
Council of the Indies
Definition
It was the system in which Spain governed all of its new lands. It had all the power that normal government would and controlled.
Term
New Spain
Definition
Was the new lands that Spain gained included Mexico, Carrabean, and central America.
Term
A New Era of Commercial Capitalism
Definition
Mercantalism, in which the Empire's in Europe exploited the colonies and got money and stuff.
Term
French Wars of Religion
Definition
Were wars inside the French empire it was between the Hugenots and the Catholics. They persecuted eachother and the Catholics won. 1562-1598
Term
Henry II of France
Definition
Valois Monarchy and he was Catholic and got killed. Hi wife and two sons took over and war started.
Term
Bourbon
Definition
Was the other dynasty in France that became the leader of the Hugenots in the Civil wars.
Term
Huguenots
Definition
The french Calvinist led by Henry of Navaire in the Civil war.
Term
Guise
Definition
Was the ultra Catholic leader Henry Duke of Guise kills many Hugenots and really sparked tons of tension.
Term
Ultra-Catholics
Definition
Were the far radical group of the Catholic Faith in France and were led by the Guise family. Holy League
Term
Politiques
Definition
that religion was not a reason to get into war.
Term
Henry of Navarre
Definition
Was the Bourbon Hugenot leader who fought in the French Civil war and ended up becoming King of France but keeping Catholic Faith the main faith in France.
Term
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Definition
When The Guise gang killed Hugenots at Vassy, during mass.
Term
War of Three Henries
Definition
was the war that included three Henrys---Henry of Navaire the Borubon ruler, Henry III, and Henry Duke of Guise.
Term
Edict of Nantes
Definition
Catholicism became the official religion of France however Hugenots can worship in certain places
Term
Phillip II of Spain
Definition
"most Catholic of KIngs" he started wars in countries to help spread and maintain Catholicism. Spain was the most Catholic nation. He fought in France for the Catholics.
Term
The Spanish Armada
Definition
Spain wanted to invade England and take it over using their ships however England defeated them and stopped the invasion.
Term
Battle of Lepanto
Definition
Was when the Holy League stopped the Ottoman Empire from advancing into the Mediterranean sea.
Term
William of Orange
Definition
Was the new reinstated king who showed up and reinstated Parlament with Mary. William and Mary. Passed Act of Toleration and Bill of rights.`
Term
The United Provinces
Definition
Was another name for the Dutch Republic, which consisted of seven provinces.
Term
Elizabeth I of England
Definition
Was the queen of England part of the Tutor line. She was a very moderate leader. She did religious toleration but did not have an heir.
Term
The Act of Supremacy of 1559
Definition
Was during Elizabeth I reign. She reinstated the Anglican Church. She changed the title to governor and she was pretty secular so this did not matter.
Term
Puritans
Definition
Was a small religious minority in Englad. They wanted to purify from the Catholic Church. They go to America.
Term
Boom and Bust Cycles
Definition
Was when European economics would grow rapidly and become huge but then would fall miserably and contract. Bubbles bursting.
Term
Joint-Stock trading company
Definition
When a group of people invest in a company and have huge amounts of money in them. This is what was used to colonize North America.
Term
Thirty Years War
Definition
Started out as a religious war between Catholics and Protestants that slowly became a secular war between many different nations. It consisted of 4 phases Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and Franco-Spanish phase. 1618-1648
Term
The Failure of the Peace of Augsburg
Definition
The peace of Augsburg in 1555 allowed for the thirty years war to happened. It allowed the princes to choose the religion and not the people and led to religious divide.
Term
The Bohemian phase
Definition
Started with the Defenstration of Prague where Catholics threw Protestants out a window. Started the thirty years war. It was fought in Bohemia and was protestants V Catholics.
Term
Danish Phase
Definition
Was when King Christian IV invaded Germany but was stopped by Wallenstein. He does not get very far.
Term
Edict of Restitution
Definition
Was passed by King Ferdinand II trying to impose religious and territorial status outlined in the Peace of Augsburg. Trying to stop the war FAILS.
Term
Swedish Phase
Definition
Gustavus Adolphus invaded Germany same way Christian IV did and made progress but Wallenstein came back and destroyed Gustavus.
Term
Franco-Spanish Phase
Definition
Was the last part of the war and there no religious aspect to this part. It was the fact that Spain the Bourbons felt surrounded by the Habsburgs and wanted to break out and defend itself.
Term
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648
Definition
In ended the 30's year and established Peace. It wanted to create a friendly Neighborhood between France and Germany. Religious tolerance and amnesty.
Term
English Revolution
Definition
Was a series of three conflicts between the King and Parlament. It had three problems, multiple kingdoms, Religious division, and Finical problems. Parlament won.
Term
James IV, James I
Definition
Was the ruler that came into power after the tudor dynasty. He became the Stuart dynasty and thought King was the most important thing. He thought he was a God
Term
Charles I
Definition
1629-1640 He came after James I and continued this thing of King. He never let Parliament meet between 1629-1640 and had to call Parlament. Then things got awkward and then there was war.
Term
James II
Definition
He was a continuation this King is god. He was the last Catholic monarch in England. This made things boil over and this was the end of the Stuart monarchy. till Charles II
Term
Oliver Cromwell
Definition
Was the Head of the Parlament movement that took over. Slowly but surely he came an absolute ruler and then got thrown out of power.
Term
New Model Army
Definition
It was the army that Parlament raised to fight the King. It was designed to be form anywhere not just from a specific area. It was somewhat like Revolution
Term
Rump Paliament
Definition
The remaining parliament after Charles I disbanded parliament. They were going to try it.
Term
Malleus Maleficarum
Definition
Was the persecution of witches.It was proving the witchcraft is real.
Term
Mannerism
Definition
Style of art later years of the high renaissance, and existed until baroque period started, It is very intellectual and sophisticated.
Term
El Greco
Definition
He is a painter and sculpter in the Spanish Renaissance. He was originally from Greece and did very Greek things. He drew the picture of Slender people and did a painting called Jesus disrobing. He was part of the Baroque style.
Term
Baroque
Definition
Was a style of art that used motion and extreme detail to show tension and emotion. The Catholic Church sponsored it. Greco is very Baroque.
Term
Peter Paul Rubens
Definition
He is a Flemish Baroque Painter, and emphasized motion, colour, and seunsuality. He did painting and did Church stuff.
Term
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Definition
He was from Italy and stayed in Rome and did Sculptors and arcchecture. He did David and was influenced by the Renaissance.
Term
Michel Montaigne
Definition
The most influential writer and thinker of the French Renaissance. He combined complex ideas to casual metaphors. He was Renaissance Humanist.
Term
Shakespeare
Definition
Was the English playwriter. I mean he did it all. He is a genius and did some awesome plays.
Term
Lope de Vega
Definition
He was the second most prominent Spanish playwright who was a part of the Baroque period. He did Dog in a Manger. He did tons of plays.
Term
Cervantes
Definition
He was the most prominent Baroque Spanish Writer. He wrote magnum opus, Don Quixote the first modern book in western Europe. He was nicknamed the prince of wits.
Term
absolutism
Definition
It is a type of government where one person has all the power. They have absolute power over the State and Church.
Term
Jean Bodin
Definition
He was a philosopher during the french wars of religion. He wrote about absolutism. The need for a strong central government.
Term
Louis XIII
Definition
He was the ruler of France who leaned on Cardinal Richelieu for the early part of his reign. He somewhat wanted to govern by council but that did not pan out. He died young.
Term
Louis XIV
Definition
He was the sun king. He established absolutism in France. He dominated everything. He controlled the nobles by selling nobility and having the other nobles live in versailles with him. He established the catholic church as the official religion.He dominated things.
Term
Cardinal Richelieu
Definition
He advised Louis XIII and help establish absolutism in France. he used Intendants to help centralize the kings power.
Term
Intendants
Definition
They were tax collectors that were sent out to local communities. Helped establish absolutism.
Term
Cardinal Mazarin
Definition
He suceded Richelieu and basically did what he did and ruled and advised Louis XIV.
Term
The Fronde
Definition
Were Civil Wars in France between the nobility and king XIII and nobody wanted this so absolutism becomes more likely.
Term
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Definition
He was an advisor to Louis XIV financially and really helped him use his money wise.
Term
"One King. One Law, One Faith"
Definition
Was basically Louis XIV message. That is what he was all about. He wanted to be King, he wanted there to be one law in France and he wanted everyone to be Catholic.
Term
Edict of Fortainebleu
Definition
The Edict repelled the edict of nantes and stated that the Catholic Church was the official religion. Louis XIV
Term
Versailles
Definition
Is where the King lived and housed the nobility. It was Louis XIV showed off his power.
Term
The Dutch War
Definition
Was when Louis wanted more land so he invaded the dutch.
Term
The Dutch War
Definition
When he invaded the Spanish Netherland and Franche Comte.Louis XIV wanted land and to expand. He made peace and gained land
Term
Alsace and Lorraine
Definition
Were lands annexed by Louis and led to a new coalition.
Term
War of the League of Augsburg
Definition
Was Louis XIV's third war against against the league of Augsburg. Led to a lot of fighting and an economic depression and famine in France. The treaty of Ryswick ended the war and he got nothing.
Term
War of Spanish Succession
Definition
The forth war when Charles II died and left the throne to Louis XIV. Thus Phillip V became king and France and Spain became united. Leads to the Peace of Utrecht and Rastatt.
Term
Peaces of Utrecht and Rastatt
Definition
They ended the sun King's final war. He lost the war in a way and England was the real winner of the treaty. They got Northern North America.
Term
Philip III of Spain
Definition
He spent all his money on the court. He was around when Spanish problems were becoming apparent. Crucial problems were never solved.
Term
Philip IV
Definition
He was suppose to be the comeback king for France. He was trying to centralize his power and by the end of his reign Span's army was completely destroyed and his nation bankrupt.
Term
Charles II of Spain
Definition
He was a sickly Childless leader and was the last Habsburg ruler and left it to Louis IV.
Term
Peace of Westphalia
Definition
Was the treaty that ended the thirty years war in 1648. The Emperor lost and the Princes won.
Term
Hohenzollern dynasty
Definition
They had the land of Brandenburg and then became Prussia. They created the prussian state and connected Germany.
Term
Frederick William the Great Elector
Definition
He laid the foundation for the Prussian state. He built up a great standing army and created a great centralized state. He used mercantilist policies.
Term
General War Commissariat
Definition
Was something Frederick William made so he could levy taxes and to oversee the growth and training of the army. Also involved in Civil Gov.
Term
The Junkers
Definition
They were the members of the Commissariat that were members of the Aristocracy and were officers in the army.
Term
Elector Frederick III/Fredick I of Prussia
Definition
Was the son of Frederick the great and he continued to advance Prussia's power.
Term
Austrian Habsburgs
Definition
They were the prominent family in Holy Roman Empire politics. However that ended and they could no longer have a great centralized empire. They created the austrian Empire.
Term
Bohemia
Definition
Was part of the Austrian Kingdom.
Term
The Treaty of Karlowitz
Definition
Was the Treaty when Austria gained control of southeastern Europe.
Term
Muscovy
Definition
Was the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It was the predecessor to Tsar.
Term
Ivan IV
Definition
Was the first tsar ever and expanded territories eastward and expanding. He crushed Russian nobility. The Tsar lasted a while.
Term
Zemsky Sobor
Definition
Was the national assembly that chose the new Tsar
Term
Duma
Definition
were the assemblies created by the Tsar.
Term
Boyars
Definition
The Russian nobility. Crushed by Ivan IV.
Term
Michael Romanov
Definition
Was the New Tsar after IVan and basically starting a dynasty that lasted until Russian Revolution.
Term
Russian Orthodox Church
Definition
Was the official Church of Russia and caused great tension in Russia. The church had a schism and caused tension between nobles and peasants.
Term
Peter the Great
Definition
He was a huge guy, who came back to Russia and made it awesome.He went about modernizing it and making it a major power.
Term
The Great Northern War
Definition
was a war from 1701-1721 with tons of fighting between Russia and Sweden. Ended with the peace of Nystadt.
Term
Peace of Nystat
Definition
Russia gained Estonia and some more land basically and made itself a legit power and sweden became weak.
Term
St.Petersburg
Definition
Was the Capital of Russia until the Russian revolution.
Term
The Seym
Definition
It is a river between Russia and Ukraine
Term
William III of Orange
Definition
He was the Scottish ruler that invaded England and helped spawn the glorious revolution.
Term
States General
Definition
Was the United nations of the Netherlands, controlled by the rich merchants.
Term
Trading Companies
Definition
Were companies that traded usually in new lands.
Term
Charles II of England
Definition
was a king and then got kicked out and then restored because people wanted him back. There was a fight between the two again and he brought back the anglican church and some problems.
Term
Test act of 1673
Definition
It was series of laws that specified that only Anglicans can hold military and civil offices.
Term
James II
Definition
He was a devout Catholic and was king and caused seriously conflict between him and parliament leading to the glorious revolution.
Term
William and Mary
Definition
Was the monarchy put in after the glorious revolution.
Term
The glorious revoltution
Definition
Was the final Civil war in England that proved that parliament was more powerful that Monarchy
Term
Bill of rights 1689 `
Definition
Forced the King to need parliament.
Term
constitutional monarchy
Definition
The King is only allowed because of the constitution written by parliament.
Term
Mercantillism
Definition
Is the economic practice in which the bigger nations takes over a weaker land and takes everything from it. It is all about the bullion and screwing that island over.
Term
French Classicism
Definition
Was a rejection of Baroque and they did some focusing on clarity simplicity balance harmony and design. Slendid
Term
French Academy of Paining and Sculpture
Definition
Clarity simplicity harmony and design
Term
Nicholas Pussin
Definition
Was a classical French dude who did the French paintings. He did sculptures of old and used different tones.
Term
Rembrandt Van Rijn
Definition
The best painter of the Dutch golden age. He did portaits and still lifes and realistic portraits and did large landscapes.
Term
Jean-Baptiste Racine, Phedra
Definition
Was French play that was the most famous. That followed a Greek story and he perfect neoclassical tragic style.
Term
Jean-Baptiste Moliere, Tartuffe
Definition
He did satires and in this one he makes fun of religious hypocrisy. The King liked him.
Term
HUGO GRUTIUS
Definition
He was a Dutch philosopher who came up with international law.
Term
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
Definition
Hobbes was a English guy who argued that society needed government to fuction and his book is his political thought on it.
Term
ohn Locke, Two Treatises of Government
Definition
He wrote about the idea that the people were good and not bad and so the way government should work, is the people have their rights protected by the government and so they help the government.
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Was the Greek Philosopher that basically created western thought.
Term
Galen
Definition
Was another Greek guy who came up with medicine.
Term
Ptolemy
Definition
Was the Greek who came up with the geocentric theory of the world.
Term
Medieval conception of the universe
Definition
Is that the earth is the center. Geocentric
Term
Hermeticism
Definition
Was basically magic that all the alchemist believed in. All these scientist believed in magic.
Term
Nicholas Copernicus
Definition
Polish scientists in the 1500's Catholic and he came up with the heliocentric world.
Term
Tycho Brahe
Definition
Was a danish astronomer that did all the research that Kepler used.
Term
Johannes Kepler
Definition
Was Brahe's understudy and came up with the law of planetary motion.
Term
Galileo Galilei
Definition
Was an Italian who invented the telescope and came up with the idea of inertia and helped explain planetary motion.
Term
Isaac Newton
Definition
was an Englishman who came up with Gravity and force and wrote the principia. He came up with the most important idea ever.
Term
Francis Bacon
Definition
Was an englishman that came up with the scientific method.
Term
Rene Descartes
Definition
A french philosopher and mathematician who came up with modern philosophy and western philosophy. Cartesian coordinate system.
Term
On the revolution of Heavenly Spheres
Definition
Was Nicholas Copernicus book where he states his heliocentric theory.
Term
Neoplatonism
Definition
Is the school of mystical theory based off the teachings of plato.
Term
The Starry Messanger
Definition
Was the book Galileo wrote about the movement of the moon and stars and jupiter. They were observations made with his telescope.
Term
Cardinal Robert Bellarmine
Definition
Was one of the leaders of the counter revolution but really did the inquisition on Galileo
Term
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican
Definition
Was written by Galileo where he compared the two systems.
Term
Principia (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)
Definition
Was written by Newton where he explained the law of universal gravitation and the laws of motion.
Term
Universal law of gravitation
Definition
Is what Newton came up with to explain all motion in the universe. That it was gravity controlling all motion.
Term
The four bodily humors
Definition
Yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm are four bodily fluids of a human.
Term
Paracelsus
Definition
He is the father of modern medicine. He used "like cures like" using poisons to cure diseases, and really rejected old teaches.
Term
"Like cures like"
Definition
Using posoins to cure diseases.
Term
Andreas Vesalius
Definition
Wrote about the anatomy of the human body and did general structure of the human body.
Term
On the Fabric of the Human Body
Definition
Was the book Vesalius wrote showing his discoveries on the anatomy of the human body.
Term
William Harvey
Definition
Talked about the way blood works in the human body showing that blood starts in the hearts and goes through veins and arteries.
Term
On the motion of the Heart and Blood
Definition
Book Harvey wrote describing the way blood in human body works.
Term
Maria Sibyella Merian
Definition
Was a scientist who drew insects and plants and did some awesome drawings of a butterfly. Metamorphosis of the insects of Surinam.
Term
Maria Winkelmann
Definition
Was a female astronomer who discovered a commet but was denied entry to any scientific societies because she was a woman.
Term
Querelles des femmes
Definition
Was a book in the 17th century that diplayed the issues women dealt with.
Term
Discourse on Method
Definition
Was Des Cartes book that started modern philosophy. "I think therefore I am"
Term
Cartesian Dualism
Definition
Was when Des Cartes decided that the mind and the body were two different things.
Term
The Great Instauration
Definition
Written by Francis Bacon and he seperated divine learning and human learning.
Term
Inductive Principles
Definition
Method of acquiring knowledge using Bacon's approach going from specific to general.
Term
Deductive principles
Definition
Method of gaining knowledge using Des Cartes method of going from general to specific.
Term
Spinoza
Definition
He challenged the logic and reason of the Christian faith. He was a Bible critic
Term
Comenius
Definition
He set forth the idea of universal education. Education for everyone which was radical at the time.
Term
Pascal
Definition
Was a French mathmatician who came up with the concepts of concepts of Vacuums and pressure.
Term
The Thoughts
Definition
Was probably a book on thoughts....I
Term
The English Royal Society
Definition
Was the group of scientist in England that promoted natural reason.
Term
Philosophical Transactions
Definition
Was the worlds first scientific journal done by the English Royal society.
Term
Immanuel Kant
Definition
He was a German Philosopher who first coined Enlightenment "man's leaving his self caused immaturity".
Term
Plurality of the Worlds
Definition
Written by Bernard de Fontenelle was a book about a lady asking questions about astrology and cosmology.
Term
Pierre Bayle
Definition
He was a protestant who was a huge critic of church attitudes and attacked intolerance and superstition and dogmatism.
Term
On the Ceremonies of the Chinese
Definition
Was a book about the ceremonies of the Chinese.
Term
tabula rasa
Definition
Is a blank mind that according to Locke everyone is born with.
Term
philosophes
Definition
Was what people called the smart people of the enlightened period. They were not all french and not all were philosophers.
Term
Montesquieu
Definition
He was a French Philosophe who promoted religious tolerance. He used Natural Law in politics and human relationships. Seperation of Power
Term
The Spirit of the Laws
Definition
Was Montesquieu most famous book where he took natural law and applied to social relationships and politics. Seperation of Power.
Term
Salons
Definition
Was a meeting of learning and fun in learning. Smart people went to them they were gathering.
Term
Voltaire
Definition
The Greatest Figure of the Enlightenment and he talked about religious toleration and how England got it right and France does not. Deism a mechanical God.
Term
Treatise on Toleratation
Definition
Voltaire's book where he discussed religious tolerance in England and Holland.
Term
Deism
Definition
The Idea that there is a God but he just created the universal and is not moral.
Term
Diderot
Definition
Basically he ripped Christianity to pieces but really just attacking France promoting religious toleration. He condemned old thinking and wanted people to start thinking in a new way. He introduced the idea of the Encyclopedia.
Term
Encyclopedia
Definition
The way the Enlightenment people got their message out.
Term
David Hume
Definition
Was a scottish philosopher who pioneered social science. The study nature.
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
He is a Scottish man who came up with the idea of liberal economics and laissez-faire The wealth of Nations.
Term
Physiocrats
Definition
Was an economic theory that a group of economist came up with that believed in the wealth of nations and basically the modern economy.
Term
laissez-faire
Definition
Let people do as they will. Basically is an economic theory where the government stays out of the economy.
Term
Cesare Beccaria
Definition
An Italian jurist who did not believe in torture and the death penalty.
Term
Baron Paul d'Holbach
Definition
He wrote the system of nature and was a big atheist who wanted religious toleration. Doubted Christianity
Term
Marie-Jean de Condorcet
Definition
Progress of human nature and basically he described how human nature has progressed over time. PROGRESS
Term
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Definition
He was another french dude who basically wanted a democracy and wanted everyone to go along with "general will" of the people. A little socialist in a way. He also wanted religious tolerance.
Term
The Social Contract
Definition
It is Rosseau epic novel where he describes how he thinks a government and people should work.
Term
The Salon
Definition
was just a gathering place for discourse of knowledge.
Term
Marie-Therese de Geoffrin
Definition
Was a wealthy widow who had a salon and welcome philosophers to come and hang out.
Term
Neoclassicism
Definition
Is a rivival of classic art basically contemporary artists using classical styles.
Term
Rococo
Definition
The new style of art in the enlightenment period more concerned with curves and gentle action that movement like baroque. Secular.
Term
Antoine Watteau
Definition
writer and he expressed very Rococo views or showed its appeals in his writings
Term
Balthasar Neumann
Definition
Was a architect and did churches but made them secular and spiritual and did a delectic of both barque and rococo
Term
Bach
Definition
Was a German composer he did mass in B minor and did Sant Matthew's passion and liked God.
Term
Handel
Definition
German composer who did the messiah and other great musical works. He did more secular stuff.
Term
Mozart
Definition
was a child prodigy of Vienna and he played music and did Don giovanni and all these other great works of music.
Term
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Definition
Was written by Edward Gibbon basically saying the growth of christianity was the problem and the reason for the fall.
Term
Spectrator
Definition
Was started by Addison and Steele and it was the first legit magizine in England.
Term
The Royal College of Surgeons
Definition
Was the group of people that gave surgeons their licence to do surgery and stuff. It was England's like NHS.
Term
Carnival
Definition
Was mardi gras basically partying until lent started. People would go absolutely insane and be jerks and do whatever they wanted.
Term
chapbooks
Definition
Were tiny cheap books that were the way the lower class would learn about pop culture.
Term
The Portuguese Expulsion
Definition
Was when the Portuguese monarchy kicked the jesuits out of its country and ruled the catholic church there.
Term
Pope Clement XIV
Definition
He was the one that decided that the Church no longer need the Jesuits.
Term
Ashkenazic Jews
Definition
Were the larger Jewish group and they lived in eastern Germany.
Term
Sephardic Jews
Definition
The other group of Jews kicked out of spain and lived in different cities and became very rich.
Term
Pietism
Definition
Religious devotion deeper devotion to God on a personal level.
Term
John Wesley/Methodism
Definition
He was a guy in England who had a very mystical experience who thought he was making a better church. He spoke to the poorest of poor and caused a Christian revival.
Term
Stamp Act
Definition
A tax on a certain things that have a stamp. So like papers. Taxation without representation.
Term
Townshend acts
Definition
were a series of taxes passed to raise revenue in the colonies of the United States.
Term
Tea Act of 1773
Definition
was when England wanted to save the british east india company and decided it was going to make it easier for the colonist to buy tea. It lowered the price of tea.
Term
Coercive acts
Definition
were a series of acts passed in 1774 the seriously upset the colonists and led to the revo. war. It really made them angry. Violation of rights.
Term
guerilla warfare
Definition
Was the opposite of the traditonal way of fighting. Jumping out of trees and ambushing enemies.
Term
Loyalists
Definition
Were people loyal to England and the monarchy that were not with the cause.
Term
Patriots
Definition
Were the founding fathers, they were the ones fighting against the monarchy.
Term
Treaty of Paris of 1783
Definition
Was the treaty that ended the Revolutionary war. Told England to get out.
Term
Marquis de Lafayette
Definition
He was a French commander who aided George Washington and then returned to France just in time for the revolution. He brought his ideas of liberty and freedom back to France.
Term
idea of privilege
Definition
The French nobles had this idea of privilege that since they were born noble they are better than others.
Term
Estates-General
Definition
was a meeting of like a general assembly that represented all three of the estates or social classes.
Term
First Estate
Definition
Clergy
Term
Second Estate
Definition
Nobles
Term
Third Estate
Definition
Everyone but the nobles and clergy
Term
bourgeoisie
Definition
were part of the third estate and they would be defined as the middle class they were lawyer or doctors or rich merchants. They had money.
Term
liberal political thought
Definition
Also known as Liberalism, is a philosophy that came about during the enlightenment that rejected the ideas of medievalism. It rejected hereditary state, monarch, basically the whole French system. It wants free and fair elections and freedom of religion.
Term
France's debt
Definition
France had a lot of debt to other countries since they did not have a good or fair tax system in place. Later Louis XVI had no way to this debt and so he needed money.
Term
Cahiers
Definition
Means notebook and basically Louis XVI wanted everyone in France to become politically active and aware so he handed out these books to get them aware.
Term
National Assembly
Definition
Was when the third estate decided to leave the Estates-General and move create its own government and write up a constitution to become the government of France.
Term
Tennis Court Oath
Definition
Was when Louis XVI locked the doors to the place where the National Assembly was going to meet so they decided to go to a tennis court and take the oath that they would continue to meet until a constitution was written.
Term
The Bastille
Definition
After Louis XVI sent in troops to Paris, the people became scared and stormed the bastille which is an armory. They stormed it and made the French army retreat.
Term
Great Fear
Definition
Was Rural unrest in France that led to peasants who were really hungry rebelling against the manor houses.
Term
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Definition
Adopted by the National Assembly was a foundation for what they believed. It was all about Enlightenment ideas.
Term
Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 1790
Definition
This required all clergy members to swear an oath to the revolution and thus taking away Church lands and starting destroying Churches.
Term
The Legislative Assembly
Definition
Was the government in France during part of the Revolution. It was basically two groups the bourgeoisie and the radicals that said revolution measures were not enough. They were divided on the issue of whether they want liberty or equality.
Term
active citizens
Definition
Were citizens that were involved in the debates and rallied and had riots.
Term
Passive citizens
Definition
Sat and stayed in there houses instead of rebelling.
Term
Jacobin Clubs
Definition
Were a club where people met to discuss ideas of the revolution. This is where Robespierre and others began to spread there ideas.
Term
Varennes
Definition
When Louis XVI tries to leave and go to Austria but is captured and brought back.
Term
Declaration of Pillnitz
Definition
Was when Frederick the Great and Leopald II strengthened the French Monarch or atleast tried to back it up.
Term
National Convention
Definition
was the France government that was made up of the radicals of the revolution. They wanted equality.
Term
Paris Commune
Definition
Was the government in Paris that was basically like a city council.
Term
sans-culottes
Definition
was the urban poor in France.
Term
Girondins
Definition
part of the Jacobin club but was the less radical of the group. Did not want a monarchy.
Term
Mountain
Definition
Was the group of the jacobin club that was extremely radical like Robespierre.
Term
Levy-in-Mass
Definition
Was the term used to mean the mass conscription of French men into the army during the French revolution.
Term
Committee of public safety
Definition
The court system used to execute many French citizens who were not with the Revolution. Led to Terror
Term
Reign of Terror
Definition
The part of the revolution where the committee of public safety executed many french citizens. It was led by radicals like Robespierre who promoted equality.
Term
The Republic of Virtue
Definition
The period of the revolution where Robespierre tried to create his perfect society based on enlightenment ideals. He gutted the Catholic Church and wanted a society with equality and fairness.
Term
Maximilien Robespierre
Definition
Was apart of the mountain. He was a lawyer and led the reign of terror and wanted a republic of virtue. He wanted equality for France. He gets killed.
Term
Temple of Reason
Definition
Was the new name of Notre Dame given during the period of dechristinization.
Term
revolutionary virtues
Definition
There were two main virtues liberty and equality and they divided the two parts of the revolution.
Term
Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen
Definition
Was a book written by Olympe de Gouges that women deserve rights in Divorce and recognition illegitimate children.
Term
Thermidorean Reaction
Definition
Was post Robespierre death and the reaction the French people had to all this radicalness. They brought back the Church and went back to normal.
Term
National Legislative Assembly
Definition
Was the government hat had a constitutional monarchy but then lost it.
Term
Council of 500
Definition
was the house that was elected with 500 representives.
Term
Council of Elders
Definition
Was the council with 250 senators. Elected Bourgeosie
Term
The Directory
Definition
Was the government before the consulate. It was a pretend democracy that really had all the power invested in 5 directors.
Term
The Consulate
Definition
The government of France after the fall of the directory in which Napoleon was the leader of it and made the decisions.
Term
Coup d'etate of 1799
Definition
Was when Napoleon was named Consul for life.
Term
Napoleon Bonaparte
Definition
Was a military leader from Corsica who became a consul andd then emperor of France and the people loved him. He did a lot of fighting and failed.
Term
Napoleonic Code
Definition
Was what rid France of nobility and old laws.
Term
Peace of Amiens, 1802
Definition
Ended the war with GB
Term
First Coalition
Definition
was when Austria and Prussia fought against France to keep the monarchy.
Term
Second Coalition
Definition
Was a bigger war in which Russia and Austria fought against France. This became bigger but had no real change.
Term
Third Coalition
Definition
Was when Napoleon destroyed the Holy Roman Empire.
Term
The Grand Empire
Definition
Was the empire that Napoleon created. He became very powerful commanding a very powerful army.
Term
dependent states
Definition
Country That was controlled by France.
Term
allied states
Definition
Country that had sovereignty but liked France.
Term
Trafalgar
Definition
Was when France and Spain got destroyed by the British Navy. That was bad for Napoleon.
Term
Continental System
Definition
Was when Napoleon wanted to stop British trade by setting up a barricade. This did not work very well.
Term
Louis XVIII
Definition
Was the New King of France after Napoleon.
Term
Waterloo
Definition
Was the battle in which Napoleon was completely destroyed.
Term
liberty
Definition
Freedom to do what you want. To make a lot of money and for their to independence from the government.
Term
equality
Definition
Fairness. Equal opportunity
Term
Quadruple alliance
Definition
WAs between Austria Prusia Russia and Gb. It was all the conservative nations other than France. GB backed out
Term
First Treaty of Paris
Definition
Peace between paris and everyone else
Term
Viscount Castlereagh
Definition
WAs really a big conservative in England. But he was British foreign minister. He was at the council of Vienna`
Term
Prince Talleyrand
Definition
French diplomat
Term
Metternich
Definition
Was from Austria and was a huge conservative.
Term
Principle of legitimacy
Definition
Legitimate governments
Term
balance of power
Definition
Was a decree that in Europe no country could be stronger than another.
Term
Napoleon's one hundred days
Definition
Napoleon came back and kicked ass for 100 days and then got captured again.
Term
Conservatism
Definition
The political ideology that old ideas such as kings and control was better than liberalism
Term
Reflection on the Revolution in France
Definition
Written by Edmund Burke basically saying the ancien regime was the best. An attack on the French revolution
Term
Concert of Europe
Definition
Was a meeting of conservative nations to come up with a way to keep stability in Europe.
Term
principle of intervention
Definition
The idea that if one nation had a rebellion or attacked another nation other nations would stop that nation.
Term
Simon Bolivar
Definition
He was a rebel in South America who won and became a rule. He beat the Spanish.
Term
Monroe doctrine
Definition
Basically stated Europe stay out of the new world. America has got this.
Term
The Greek Revolt, 1821-1832
Definition
Was when the Greeks revolted against those Ottoman Turks and got their independence. Nationalism BITCH
Term
Tories
Definition
Conservatives in England
Term
Whigs
Definition
Liberals in England
Term
Corn Law of 1815
Definition
Protected domestic farmers in England. Let them make more money.
Term
Charles X
Definition
Became King of France. He established order till the July revolution.
Term
Germanic Confederation
Definition
Was a group of German States. Buffer between Austria and Prussia. Basically a way to keep order without the Holy Roman Empire.
Term
Burschenshaften
Definition
They were liberal student associations.
Term
The Austrian Empire as a multinational state
Definition
Was a very big state but had so many different ethnicities. Nobody really identified as Austrian. It spured a lot of nationalism. It took a a lot of central power control.
Term
Czar Alexander I
Definition
He was in Russia and did some liberal reforms but also Did some serious military campaigns
Term
Czar Nicholas I
Definition
He did some Crimean war stuff and did some other things. He was big into Russian Nationalism. He defeated a rebellion even.
Term
Decembrist Revolt
Definition
Revolt in December in Russia. Russian did not like Nicholas I becoming emperor but that was put down.
Term
Liberalism
Definition
The best way to put it is freedom in the economy. They did have freedom in rights but to make money for sure. Mainly middle class were liberals.
Term
Economic Liberalism
Definition
Freedom to make money. No government intervention. Freedom in the economy from government intervention.
Term
essay on the Principles of Population
Definition
Was on the first essays on how population and the economy work together. Malthus
Term
"iron law of wages"
Definition
The higher the pay the bigger the population. Lower the pay the smaller the population
Term
political liberalism
Definition
Really just a constitutional monarchy.
Term
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Definition
He was a German philosopher and was a precursor to MARX
Term
socialism
Definition
The redistribution of wealth. It is social. But ideas of more government control of the economy
Term
Henri de Saint-Simon
Definition
He was a French thinker who really liked socialism.
Term
Robert Owen
Definition
He was super big into utopian societies. Super Happy FUN times. He liked socialism.
Term
The Organization of Work
Definition
Was by a French guy named Blanc and was an early socialist book.
Term
Flora Tristan
Definition
Was a big french Feminist who loved socialism. She wrote books.
Term
Louis-Philippe
Definition
He was a French Ruler.
Term
The Party of Movement
Definition
Was a party that wanted change in France. They wanted to change France and make it bigger.
Term
Belgium
Definition
Was country created to be a buffer zone between France and basically the rest of Europe.
Term
The Reform Bill of 1832
Definition
Industrialized Britain. MAde it so they could build factories and exploit workers. By they i mean the middle class
Term
The Poor Law of 1834
Definition
Was a reform bill expanding welfare in England.
Term
The Second French Republic
Definition
Was when Louis Napoleon took over. Revo in 1848. They get big again.
Term
Piedmont
Definition
was the beginning of the ITalian unification and nationalism. They had a lot of pride. Italian State though.
Term
The New Police Forces
Definition
Was just better police presence
Term
Walnut Street Model
Definition
Was just a design of how to make a city look modern. Modernizing cities. Philadelphia look this way.
Term
Romanticism
Definition
Love of nature. Man's wonder in Nature. Also John Jane's favorite art period. Literature and painting.
Term
Goethe
Definition
This dude was a German writer and wrote some awesome things such as FAUST.
Term
Neo-Gothic Architecture
Definition
Was just doing Gothic Architecture but changing it a bit.
Term
SIr Walter Scott
Definition
He was writer in the romanticism period. He did a lot of hero stuff. He was from England.
Term
William Wordsworth
Definition
One of my favorite poets ever. He was awesome.
Term
Eugene Delacroix
Definition
Was a French Painter who does some awesome just great Romanticism stuff. He does liberty leading the people.
Term
Beethoven
Definition
He is a German Composer.
Term
Genius of Christianity
Definition
Was written by a French guy who was defending the Catholic Church during the French revolution.
Term
liberal empire
Definition
Was Napoleon III basically and his empire. It was a liberal empire. They conquered things and then lost.
Term
The Eastern Question
Definition
Was what to do about the Ottoman Empire and who gets all that land.
Term
The Crimean War
Definition
Was a war between Russia and France and the Ottomans and GB because they wanted to make it so Russia could not get the land
Term
The Crimean War and the Concert of Europe
Definition
It ended the Concert of Europe.
Term
Victor Emmanuel II
Definition
He was the guy from Sardinia who was like I want to unify Italy. So he did and he became King of Italy.
Term
King Frederick William IV
Definition
Was a romantic King of Prussia. He built buildings and did fun things. He kept the peace
Term
Albrecht von Roon and Helmuth von Moltke
Definition
They were huge contributors to the decade of 1860 with Bismark. They were realpolitik and help Prussia create the second German Empire.
Term
Second German Empire
Definition
Wilhelm was crowned in Versailles and decreed a unified Germany. Just like the Holy Roman Empire.
Term
Alexander's Emancipation Edict
Definition
Was the first liberal reform in Russia and it abolished serfdom.
Term
Lord Palmerston
Definition
He was a big deal in British government. He did tons of things and had tons of roles. Was a liberal.
Term
William Gladstone
Definition
Was prime minister a lot and did tons of reforms in England during the 19th century. Liberal
Term
Benjamin Disraeli
Definition
WAs the conservative in British politics in the 19th century.
Term
joint-stock investment banks
Definition
They were investement banks where people invested their money to make money.
Term
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Definition
Marx was a radical philosopher and was also Jewish. He created the idea of communism basically. Engels funded him
Term
The Communist Manifesto
Definition
was the book Karl Marx wrote basically saying how to create a communist state. Why he thought it would happen. Class warfare.
Term
positivism
Definition
Its as science based on sensory experience. Thing people can see. Makes sense but that gets proven harder to be true by atoms and particles.
Term
The Sower
Definition
Is a painting done by the impressionist. It is just of a sower. It was the opposite of romanticism.
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
modern bacteria. Big deal! Microbiology.`
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Term
Elizabeth Blackwell
Definition
Was the first lady to ever graduate medical school!
Term
Louis Napoleon
Definition
He was a guy who led a revolution. Became Napoleon III
Term
December 1, 1851
Definition
It is when Napoleon III did his coup
Term
Legislative Corps
Definition
Was just the French legislation post French Revolution
Term
Count Camillo di Cavour
Definition
He became Victor II and was the leader in Italian Unification.
Term
Guiseppe Garibaldi
Definition
He was from Southern Italy and he led the Red shirts. He help unify Italy. Radical
Term
Otto von Bismarck
Definition
Was Chancellor of Prussia and then Germany. He unified Germany into one state and was big into realpolitik. He also maintained peace in Germany till he left.
Term
Realpolitik
Definition
Was the theory of politics that just did what was practical at the time.
Term
The Danish War
Definition
Was When Prussia beat the Danish people.
Term
The Austro-Prussian War
Definition
Was when Prussia forced Austria to fight them and then beat them.
Term
Bundesrat; Reichstag
Definition
It was the German parliamentary system. It kicked ass.
Term
The Franco-Prussian War
Definition
Was when Prussia conquered France and partied in Versailles.
Term
Ausgleich
Definition
Was when Germany decided to create Austria Hungry.
Term
Tsar Alexander II
Definition
He was the liberator of the poor Russian peasants.
Term
Mir
Definition
It was the village communes under Alexander II
Term
Zemstvos
Definition
They were the local government in Russia.
Term
The People's Will
Definition
Was a left wing terrorist group in Russia.
Term
Queen Victoria
Definition
They were a very moral and was a family moral type of leader.
Term
Reform Act of 1867
Definition
It allowed urban men to vote In England.
Term
Dialectic
Definition
Was a way to bring about ideas. It was a way to discuss.
Term
The International Working Men's Association
Definition
Was a union.
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
He was a mircobiologist and came up with germ theory.
Term
Materialism
Definition
Was the idea that you need a lot stuff. People began to buy things.
Term
On the Origin of Species
Definition
Was the book Charles Darwin wrote that changed the whole world. It came up with a theory how humans evolved.
Term
Realism
Definition
Was an art style that did painted things as real.
Term
Gustave Flaubert
Definition
Was a French writer.
Term
Charles Dickens
Definition
Was an English writer who wrote in the Victorian era.
Term
Franz Liszt
Definition
He was a composer of music.
Term
First Industrial Revolution
Definition
Was the usage of like factories and urbanization.
Term
Second Industrial Revolution
Definition
Was the improvement of the factories. The usage of steel and more technological advances. Trains
Term
Henry Bessemer
Definition
He was a dude who created a way to create steel.
Term
Internal combustion engine
Definition
Was an invention that created the automobile and changed really everything
Term
Henry Ford
Definition
Was an american inventor who made the Ford model in America. Created the assembly line and the mass production.
Term
Assembly Line
Definition
The modern way of making labor cheap and simple. Each person having their own simple task doing it over and over again.
Term
The Great Depression of 1873-1895
Definition
Was when they changed the gold standard and many people were broke and the system of free none regulated economy ended.
Term
Mass Society
Definition
Is the modern society post industrial revolution.
Term
"the most remarkable social phenomenon of the present century is the concentration of population in cities"
Definition
It was the rising urbanization of cities due to the jobs in the factories. How factories became the center of whole cities.
Term
"from the toilet to the river in half an hour"
Definition
Plumbing good
Term
The Elite of Mass Society
Definition
They were the really super rich old money people.
Term
Upper Middle Class
Definition
Were the new money people who owned factories basically the Jews
Term
Middle Middle Class
Definition
They were the merchants and traders
Term
Lower Middle Class
Definition
Were I guess the managers and the higher up skill workers.
Term
Skilled workers
Definition
Were people who could actually build and make things.
Term
Semiskilled workers
Definition
Were people who could make some part of things.
Term
Unskilled workers
Definition
Most of the population he did not know a craft.
Term
"Woman question"
Definition
Was the question about what to do about women. Should they work or stay home.
Term
Cult of Middle-Class domesticity
Definition
The idea that the middle class women should stay home and look good.
Term
Florence Nightingale
Definition
Was an English social reformer who created modern nursing
Term
"Social Question"
Definition
The question of what society should be like.
Term
SPD
Definition
Social Democratic party of Germany. It is the socialist in Germany to become the NAZI
Term
Revisionism
Definition
critical analysis of what the set historical thought and changing it.
Term
Anarchism
Definition
People who want no government
Term
Reform Act of 1884
Definition
More voting rights to men in England
Term
Labour Party
Definition
Was the party of labour the liberals or modern usage of the word liberal. Protected the workers.
Term
Home Rule Act of 1914
Definition
It gave Ireland the right to rule themselves
Term
The Third Republic
Definition
Was just France after it got independence. 1870 post defeat to Germany
Term
Dreyfus Affair
Definition
It was a political affair in France. Basically giving secrets to the Germans. It was antisemtic in nature.
Term
Generation of 1898
Definition
They all died.
Term
Pope Pius IX
Definition
He was the last ruling Pope of the Papal States. He was big deal in the Catholic Church though.
Term
Catholic Center Party
Definition
Catholic Party in the Weimar republic.
Term
Emperor William II
Definition
He was really the one that made Germany a huge deal and really militarized it and created nationalism. He did what Hitler did before Hitler.
Term
Germany's "place in the sun"
Definition
Germany was the place. It was going to be the most powerful place.
Term
Tsars Alexander III, Nicholas II
Definition
Russian Kings who want to make Russia great and powerful but just ruined it. They get kicked out. Industrialized Russia.
Term
Sergei Witte
Definition
Industrialized Russia.
Term
Revolution of 1905
Definition
Was a social revolution in Russia where the peasents and others wanted change in Russian government.
Term
October Manifesto
Definition
It was done by Nicholas II after the revolution and was intended to give more freedom to the people.
Term
Triple Alliance
Definition
Germany Austria and Italy
Term
Triple Entente
Definition
GB France Russia
Term
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Definition
Was from Hungary and he was a big deal and the bosnian serbian assassins kill him and thus this sparks WW1
Term
“blank check”
Definition
Was what Germany gave to Austria to fight people. It was an infinite amount of money.
Term
July 28, 1914
Definition
Was when Austria declared war on Serbia and thus WW1 happens
Term
Schlieffen Plan
Definition
WAs Germany's plan to invade France through Belgium and defeat France quickly
Term
American Civil War as the “Real Prototype”
Definition
The war lasted a couple years and was basically a total war and it was a lot of fighting and stalemate.
Term
General Joseph Joffre
Definition
He was a French General who helped keep France in the war by stopping Germany at Marne
Term
Tannenberg
Definition
Was a battle between the Germany and Russia where Russia got destroyed
Term
First Battle of the Marne
Definition
Was when France stopped the German invasion and led to the long grueling war
Term
“softening up”
Definition
Was bombing the shit out of the bunkers so it was easier to move up.
Term
Gallipoli
Definition
Was where the Entente wanted to invade turkey. They failed and it was a campaign
Term
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Definition
Was the concept that Germany made a deal that it would not attack passenger ships in the atlantic. It did.
Term
April 6, 1917
Definition
America enters WW1
Term
Total war mobilization
Definition
All the countries efforts went towards the war.
Term
Wartime governments
Definition
Very authoritative controlling governments.
Term
Walter Rathenau
Definition
He was the leader of the Weimar republic after it got established. He gets killed.
Term
Hindenburg; Ludendorf
Definition
German General in WW1
Term
Easter Rebellion
Definition
Irish people rebelling and it gets put down
Term
Georges Clemenceau
Definition
Was the French leader in WW1 who wanted to punish Germany after the war
Term
Trade unions
Definition
Are just labor unions
Term
“New roles for women”
Definition
Women worked in factories and did other things during the war that mean would normally do.
Term
WWI as a “Great Social Leveler”
Definition
It made it so everyone was fighting the samething whether rich or poor you were apart of one country
Term
Junior officers
Definition
Are just lower army people.
Term
Rasputin
Definition
He was a Russian mystic who worked for the imperial family. He was just trying to get power. He controls the family
Term
March Revolution
Definition
Was when female workers fought the government. They wanted food.
Term
Provisional Government
Definition
It was constitutional government. Sucked and failed. In Russia and Germany
Term
Soviets
Definition
Was the single party communist state in Russia
Term
Social Revolutionaries
Definition
Socialist in Russia who wanted to help the people. Useful idiots. They did not really matter after the soviets took over
Term
Mensheviks
Definition
Was part of the socialist party in Russia. They were the minority. They were split from Lenin's group.
Term
Bolsheviks
Definition
The victors in Russia. They become the majority led by Lenin.
Term
V.I. Lenin
Definition
Was a guy who really wanted power in Russia. He was a communist who led Revolutions and gained control through military power.
Term
April Theses
Definition
Written by Lenin telling the Bolsheviks to get some power!
Term
Alexander Kerensky
Definition
WAs the prime minister of Russia in the provincial government and gets kicked out.
Term
Leon Trotsky
Definition
Russian military leader who helps lenin get to power.
Term
Council of People’s Commisars
Definition
Were just governing bodies of the people in Russia.
Term
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Definition
The treaty Russia had to sing to get out of WW1. Germany took a lot of land
Term
White Russians
Definition
The anti communists who fought against the Bolsheviks
Term
Red Russians (Red Army)
Definition
The communists. This was Lenin and Trotsky
Term
Communists
Definition
Well really it was a derogatory term to the Russians. Communists basically just meant evil to most westerners.
Term
“war communism”
Definition
was the political and economic system in Russia during the revolution.
Term
“revolutionary terror”
Definition
Just like Robespierre they killed a lot of people.
Term
Cheka
Definition
Was the secret police in Russia. They did police stuff.
Term
Second Battle of the Marne
Definition
Was the last German effort to beat the allies and they failed and lost.
Term
German Republic
Definition
Basically the weimar republic. It was the provincial government set up by the allies.
Term
Czechoslovakia
Definition
Was a land mass with different people set up by the Allies to take away from Germany.
Term
Yugoslavia
Definition
Same as the other slovakia. Basically just taking land from Germany.
Term
Fourteen Points
Definition
Written by Woodrow Wilson. It was 14 points to peace.
Term
League of Nations
Definition
The UN basically a way to keep nations accountable. A way to keep peace.
Term
Paris Peace Conference
Definition
WAs a meeting of the France GB USA and to decide the fate of Germany.
Term
Treaty of Versailles with Germany, June 28, 1919
Definition
The treaty was basically the one that put the penalties on Germany and took land and made them pay reparations. Everything was Germany's fault.
Term
Article 231
Definition
The war guilt clause. Germany taking the blame for starting the war. WW1 was there fault.
Term
Reparations
Definition
The money Germany had to pay for the damages they did in war to the other nations. They had to pay mainly France and GB for doing damage to them.
Term
Termination of the European Age
Definition
Europe basically was not the center of the world. USA was a big deal now. They defeated themselves.
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