Term
| Who said, "As soon as coin in coffer rings, a soul from Purgatory springs?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the result of the second set of religious wars that began in 1546? |
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Definition
| 1555 Peace of Augsburg- Lutheranism officially recognized |
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Term
| What were the initial problems facing the Council of Trent (1545-1563)? (3) |
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Definition
1) Unequal Representation
2) Political Issues
3) Stubbornness (Charles V doesn't want to talk about Lutheranism, Lutherans only want to talk about scripture) |
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Term
| What was the group who combated heresy through the education of women? Who founded it? |
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Definition
| Ursuline order of nuns- Angela Merici |
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Term
| What was the religious group who wanted a break between church and state and was heavily persecuted for heresy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first country outside the HRE to accept reform and Protestantism? Under which king? |
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Definition
| King Christian III and Denmark |
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Term
| What were the eventual results of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)? (4) |
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Definition
1) Doctrinal decisions- sacraments incl transubstantiation reaffirmed
2) Discipline strengthened- pluralism/absenteeism elim., education of clergy mandated (seminaries), poor allowed to study in merit-based priesthood admission
3) Corruption fixed- no underground marriages or indulgences
4) No reconciliation with Protestantism |
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Term
| Who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the results of the Civil War in the Netherlands by 1578? |
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Definition
1) 10 Southern provinces still Habsburg, 7 Northern Provinces form the Protestant Union of Utrecht led by Holland
2) Philip sends more troops and the war continues |
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Term
| After the first set of Swiss Religious Wars in the late 1520's, peace is called and Charles V calls the ____ in [year] to resolve differences. |
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Definition
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Term
| The group of French Protestants in the mid-16th century is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| French monarchial weakness in the second half of the 16th century leads French nobles to do what? |
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Definition
| Use religious reform as an excuse to incite violence on Catholic royal lords and take power |
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Term
| What is the term for the destruction of sacred religious objects and images? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre? (year?) |
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Definition
| An attack on French Calvinists by Catholics in 1572 in Paris during marriage of the King's sister to Protestant Henry of Navarre- led to the War of the Three Henries. |
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Term
| The group that saved the French monarchy from being torn apart religious wars with their moderate policies is called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the Spanish humanist punished by the Consistory and burned at the stake for denying the Trinity, child baptism, and the idea that minors can't commit sin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Were the Jesuits stationary or mobile in converting new members? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was responsible for bringing the reformation to Scotland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the new Scottish Church called? Why was it named this? |
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Definition
| Presbyterian church- ministers are presbyters, not bishops |
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Term
| During the reign of Edward VI, what book written by whom helped spread Protestant ideas and provide a basis for the new English church? |
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Definition
| Thomas Cranmer, Book of Common Prayer |
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Term
| During the English Reformation, the dissolution of monasteries, nationalization of church, and acquisition of monastic land led to what changes in the English government? (3) |
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Definition
1) New and improved bureaucracy
2) New depts of state
3) Liquid fund set up |
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Term
| What is the Pilgrimage of Grace and what caused it? |
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Definition
| Massive multi-class rebellion against the closing of the monasteries |
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Term
| After 1578, the Dutch gain many victories in the Netherlands' Civil War under ______. |
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Definition
| William of Nassau (William the Silent) |
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Term
| Which country does the Union of Utrecht appeal to for help that eventually led to their victory and independence in 1609? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 16th century definition of a witch? |
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Definition
| A heretic with a pact with the devil |
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Term
| What is the term for hatred of women? |
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Definition
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Term
| Witch trials in the 16th century were conducted through ______ legal procedure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where were witch accusations in the 16th century most prevalent? |
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Definition
| HRE, Switzerland, parts of France |
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Term
| After the death of Catherine de'Medici and Henry III, what does Henry IV do in terms of religion? (2) |
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Definition
1) Converts to Catholicism, but accepts the Huguenots as an official religious group
2) Signs Edict of Nantes, allowing Huguenots to practice freely in 150 towns |
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Term
| Who controlled the Netherlands until 1581? |
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Definition
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Term
| What denomination do most Dutch Protestants belong to in the 1560's? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Philip II respond to 1560's rebellions in the Netherlands? |
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Definition
Sends 20,000 Spanish troops to Netherlands
-Duke of Alva's "Council of Blood" against religious dissenters |
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Term
| Luther's 95 Theses were published and posted on the _______. (year?) |
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Definition
Door of the Church at Wittenburg
1517 |
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Term
| Did Protestants support marriage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who won the German Peasants War of 1525? What are the results? (3) |
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Definition
Nobles crush the peasants
1) Lay rulers' power incr.
2) Reformation loses speed
3) Slight improvement of peasant conditions |
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Term
| Did Luther support the peasants during the events leading to the German Peasants War (1525)? What does he write expressing his views? |
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Definition
| He initially supports them (An Admonition to Peace) but stops once they become violent (Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants) |
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Term
| What was the Augsburg Confession? What are the results? |
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Definition
A statement of Lutheran faith presented to Charles V at the Imperial Diet.
Charles V refuses it, Protestants form a military alliance. |
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Term
| What was established in 1542 to attack the problem of heresy in the Catholic church? Who ran it? |
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Definition
Holy Office, Roman Inquisition
Cardinal Caraffa |
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Term
| How does the Habsburg Dynasty grow in size so fast? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the banking family that Archbishop Albert borrowed money from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) do? |
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Definition
| Crown of England has power over pope |
|
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Term
| what does the Supremacy Act (1534) do? |
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Definition
| Declares King head of English church |
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Term
| In 1541, John Calvin establishes a Christian society in the city of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were Calvin's main theological arguments? (3) |
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Definition
Absolute sovereignty of God
Predestination
Morals, adherence to Scripture |
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Term
| Calvin publishes his theology in _______ (1536). |
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Definition
| The Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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Term
| What was the role of the Genevan Consistory? |
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Definition
| Apply punishment to sinners living disorderly or anti-Christian lives |
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Term
| What factors most determined the course of the Eastern European reformation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did French King Francis I raise money following the Habsburg-Valois wars? |
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Definition
-Sold public offices
-Concordat of Bologna (papal supremacy acknowledged, but French crown appoints abbots) |
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Term
| What does the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis do (1559)? |
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Definition
| Ends the Habsburg Valois Wars- Habsburgs win. French have to acknowledge Spanish Habsburg dominance in Italy |
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Term
| Who was the pope that began counter-reformation efforts in the Catholic Church? |
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Definition
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Term
| What event split Hungary up politically and allowed Lutheranism to make a comeback? (year?) |
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Definition
| Defeat at Mohacs (1526) by Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire |
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Term
| Was Poland Lutheran or Catholic during and after the Reformation? |
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Definition
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Term
| By 1500, which church was gaining a strong following in Bohemia? Who led it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Luther's two catechisms (1529) served what purpose? |
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Definition
| Educate church leaders and general public about Christian faith and doctrine |
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Term
| What are the four institutional problems with the 15th century Catholic church? |
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Definition
| Clerical immorality, ignorance, pluralism/absenteeism, and privileges |
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Term
| What event denounces the growing Lutheran movement in Hungary in 1523? |
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Definition
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Term
| What work was published by Calvin in 1541 that educated people by providing a summary of their faith and a guide for daily living? |
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Definition
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Term
| What work by Martin Luther urges Christian followers to obey the government (1520)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Humanist piece of literature criticizes excessive rituals and superstitions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Martin Luther's understanding of the Christian faith? |
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Definition
| Sola fide, sola gratia, sola Scriptura (In faith alone, grace alone, and Scripture alone.) |
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Term
| Who was a pluralist bishop who borrowed money to pay the Pope to dispense of Pluralist laws? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens at the Diet of Worms? (year?) |
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Definition
| Luther is ordered to recant his beliefs. He refuses. (1521) |
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Term
| Who was the Swiss Humanist who (mostly) supported Luther and Protestantism at first? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did Protestantism appeal to local governments? (2) |
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Definition
1) Promoted literacy
2) Greater income ($ doesn't have to go to pope) |
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Term
| Why did Protestantism appeal to the common people? (2) |
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Definition
1) Simpler, personal religion
2) More status of laypeople |
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Term
| What work by Luther demanded that German nobles reform their churches? (1520) |
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Definition
| Address to Christian Nobility |
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Term
| What were the Twelve Articles? |
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Definition
| Document drawn up by peasants who condemned power and believed that their lords' treatment was against Scripture |
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