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the life and institutions of pre-revolutionary Europe
- Politically, it meant the rule of theoretically absolute monarchies with growing bureaucracies and aristocratically led armies.
- Economically, it referred to a scarcity of food, the predominance of agriculture, slow transport, a low level of iron production, comparatively unsophisticated financial institutions, and competitive commercial overseas empires.
- Socially, men and women living during the time saw themselves less as individuals than as members of distinct corporate bodies that possessed certain privileges or rights as a group.
- people were stuck in their social class for good; no social mobility
- Four Pillars:
1. aristocratic elites with legal privileges
2. churches intimately related to state and aristocracy
3. urban labor force with guilds
4. rural peasantry with high taxes and feudal dues |
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painted Robert Andrews and His Wife, which contains many clues to the aristocratic dominance of landed society
- andrews' gun and dog indicate his exclusive right to hunt game on his land.
- his wife's sitting against the expanse of his land suggests the character of the legal relationship, whereby he could have controlled her property |
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| a day of unpaid work required of a vassal, a slave or a person who held land from a feudal lord |
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| In Aug. 1773 he organized the most dangerous peasant revolt in Russian History. He was executed in Moscow on Jan. 10, 1775. |
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is a residential pattern where a newly married couple lives independently in a new home.
location.Neolocalism residence rules form the basis
of most Western domestic structures. Upon marriage, each partner is expected to move out of
his or her parents' household and establish a new
residence, thus forming the core of an independent
nuclear family. |
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Was an English portrait and landscape painter, was born in London. He studied at Shipleys drawing-
school and the Royal Academy, and won several
prizes from the Society of Arts. However, as a
painter, in both oil and water-color, of landscapes
and rustic subjects that Wheatley is best
remembered. He was elected an associate of the
Royal Academy in 1790, and an academician. |
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| 1751-1832: English author & philanthropist |
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He invented the "Seed-Drill" and was one of the originators of modern methods of farming. "In
short, the whole concept of thorough tillage, row
cropping, and keeping the soil surface as bare as
possible emerged from the brain of Jethro Tull.
Of necessity, Tull invented a seed-drill, four-
coulter plow (one with four discs or knifelike
projections), and horse-hoe to carry out his
theories. |
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| Charles "Turnip" Townsend |
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Definition
Viscount Charles Townshend found the secret which was just to rotate the crops. This was done
by planting a different crop each year. While wheat
or corn would wear out the land, turnips or clover
would restore the field. |
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| o pioneered new methods of animal breading that produced more and better animals and more milk and meat |
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For a thousand years, arable lands in England had been laid out in fields around villages. Each
landowner had narrow, long strips of land for
planting that covered both the best and worst
ground. Farmers agreed which strips were in
production, which were fallow, and shared in the
plowing. |
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The Enclosure Movement plotted the common fields into privately held "enclosed" fields.
Enclosure landowners received a piece of property
in proportion to the amount they owned under the
open field system. The larger fields enabled
farmers to experiment with new, efficient methods
and enticed the aristocracy to exploit estates with
agricultural enterprises in the early years of the
eighteenth century. Between 1700 and 1845, 6
million acres of English fields were enclosed as
farm mechanization increased. |
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Definition
The complex of radical socioeconomic changes, such as the ones that took place in England in the
late 18th century, that are brought about when
extensive mechanization of production systems
results in a shift from home-based hand
manufacturing to large-scale factory
production. Process of change from an agrarian,
handicraft economy to one dominated by industry
and machine manufacture. It began in England in
the 18th century. Technological changes included
the use of iron and steel, new energy sources, the invention of new machines that increased
production (including the steam engine and the
spinning jenny), the development of the factory
system, and important developments in
transportation and communication (including the
railroad and the telegraph). |
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Definition
A usually small-scale industry carried on at home by family members using their own
equipment."Cottage industries" is a term that was
used prevalently during the eighteenth and nineteenth and centuries to describe the home-
based system of manufacturing. |
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Definition
The putting-out system was a means of subcontracting work. It was also known as the
workshop system. In putting out, work was
contracted by a central agent to subcontractors
who completed the work usually in their own
home. The raw materials were often provided by
the merchant, who received the finished product,
hence the synonymous term putting-out system.
The advantages of this system were that workers
involved could work at their own speed while at
home or near their home and children. |
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Definition
| Early multiple-spindle machine for spinning wool or cotton. The hand-powered spinning jenny was patented by James Hargreaves in 1770. The development of the spinning wheel into the spinning jenny was a significant factor in the industrialization of the textile industry, though its product was inferior to that of R. Arkwright's water frame. |
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A name given to the first power spinning machine, because it was driven by water power. In 1771 Arkwright installed the water frame in his cotton mill creating
one of the first factories that was specifically built to house machinery rather than just bringing
workers together. |
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Definition
The power loom was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785 . When it was first
built, it wasn't the best loom on the market and
needed additional development. Eventually, William
Horrocks would perfect the power loom. It was a
mechanized loom that was driven by driving shafts.
By 1850, Cartwright's designs were in full effect in
England, with over 250,000 machines in use. |
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Definition
18th century inventor James Watt was a Scottish instrument maker whose improvements on the steam engine helped advance the Industrial
Revolution.
Watt is also remembered for measuring the power
of his steam engine: his test with a strong horse
resulted in his determination that a "horsepower"
was 550 foot-pounds per second. The unit of
power in the metric system is called the watt; one
horsepower equals 746 watts. |
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| The English inventor and engineer Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) developed the first practical steam engine, an important feature of the industrial revolution. |
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Definition
A skilled manual worker; a craftsperson.
and skilled worker who practices some trade or
handicraft. |
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it is the upper middle class in France
they were not allowed to be considred nobles although they were prosperous |
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Approximately 500 riots broke out in Western Europe during a 7 year time span. People rioted by
the eighteenth century riots had become more
organized and purposeful. Although interceptions
of grain shipments by locals for their own
consumption remained the most common form of
rioting during the early modern period, market
riots grew in number, significance, and
sophistication. Most strikingly, rioters more
frequently invoked the taxation populaire—forced
sales at lower, "just," prices that they fixed
themselves. |
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Definition
- clearly exemplified aristocratic domination of countryside and aristocratic manipulation of the
law to its own advantage
-directed toward economic and social status
- 1671-1831: English landowners had exclusive right to hunt hares partridges, pheasants, and
moor fowl, etc.
- only people owning certain amount of land could hunt
- people renting land, merchants who didn’t own land, and poor people couldn’t hunt
- game laws = superior status of aristocracy
- merchants couldn’t hunt to show landed wealth more important than commercial wealth
- poor couldn’t hunt b/c they thought it would distract them from their work
- resulted in poachers among poor: people who hunted illegally, mostly for food
- introduced black market for meats
- allowed some minimal profit for locals
- 1831: Parliament let landowner have possession of game, but everyone was now allowed to hunt it |
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