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| Stalin's sucessor, chosen in 1953. Advocated deStalinization and "peaceful coexistence" with the United States. Replaced by Leonid Brezhnev. |
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| A result of Khruschev's denunciation of Stalin's rules and practices, particuarly the purges that he sponsored. Led to reforms such as loosening government censorship of the press, decentralization of economic decision-making, and restructuring of the collective farms. |
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| Sucessor to Brezhnev. Assumed office in 1982. Open to western-style reforms. Followed a three-pronged program of glasnost (openness), democratization, and perestroika (economic restructuring.) The Revolution of 1991 swept him out of office. |
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| "Openness." A policy pursued by Gorbachev. Allowed more open discussion of political, social, and economic issues as well as criticism of the government. |
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| Gorbachev's most radical reform. Transferred many economic powers held by the central government to private hands and the market economy. |
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| Started Solidarity, an independent Polish labor movement. |
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| An independent Polish labor movement started by Lech Walesa and Anna Walentynowicz. Solidarity workers occupied factories to protest deteriorating living conditions and gained Polish and worldwide support. The Communist party outlawed them, but the movement stayed alive through underground activities. |
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| A Czechoslovakian playwright. In 1977, he, along with other intellectuals and workers, signed Charter 77, a public protest against the regime that resulted in his arrest. |
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| A Czech leader who encouraged his people to rebel in 1989. The Communist leadership resigned in a "velvet revolution" known for its smooth, bloodless success. |
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| The ousting of Communist leadership that took place in Czechoslovakia in 1989. Known for its smooth, bloodless success. |
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| Perhaps the most repressive Communist dictator in all of Europe. Ruled Romania from the mid-1960s to 1989. |
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| The elected president of the Russian Republic and former Politburo member. Became president of the Russian Republic, now called the Russian Federation, after the fall of the U.S.S.R. in 1991. |
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| Confederation of Independent States |
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| Formed after the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union. Consisted of the fifteen former republics of the Soviet Union. The organization has had little formal power over its members. |
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| President of Russia after Boris Yeltsin. Set out to redefine Russia's place in the world after its loss of superpower status from the Cold War. |
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| An U.S. foreign policy focused on preventing the spread of communism. |
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| An U.S. foreign policy focused on coexisting peacefully with the Soviet Union. |
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| The head of Al-Qaeda, the international terrorist organization that claimed responsibility for the Sept. 11 attacks. |
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| The international terrorist organization that claimed responsibility for the Sept. 11 attacks. |
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| Former president of Iraq. In 2003, the U.S. decided to remove him from power based on the premise that he was harboring Al-Qaeda operatives and constructing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs.) |
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| Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) |
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| The foreign policy used by President George W. Bush to justify the war in Iraq. The principle of attacking before being attacked. |
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| supranational organizations |
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| Organizations that go beyond natural boundaries. |
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| A process that encourages states to pool their sovereignty (right to rule themselves) in order to gain political, economic, and social clout. Binds states together with common policies and shared rules. |
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| An integration of social, enviromental, economic, and cultural activities of nations that has resulted from increasing international contacts. |
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| A counter-trend to globalization. The tendency for people to base their loyalty on ethnicity, language, relition, or cultural identity. |
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| the World Trade Organization |
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| Established in 1995. An organization of member states who have agreed to rules of world trade among nations. |
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| Created in 1944 to aid countries in rebuilding after World War II. Its focus today is on loaning money to low and middle-income countries at modest interest rates. Its goals are to eliminate poverty in this countries and to support economic development though investment in various projects. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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| Formed in the late 1940s with fourteen European members, the United States, and Canada, for the purpose of providing mutual defense in case of attack. Has expanded to include many of the Warsaw Pact's former members. |
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| Formed in 1955 in opposition to NATO. Composed of the Soviet Union and six Eastern European countries. Disbanded with the breakup of the Soviet Union. |
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| the EEC (European Economic Community) |
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| Informally named the "Common Market." Established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Its most important provisions called for the elimination of all tariffs between European nations and the creation of new ones that applied to all. |
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| the EC (European Community) |
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| Established in 1965. Expanded the EEC's functions beyond economics. |
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| Created by the 1991 Maastricht Treaty. The treaty established its three pillars, or spheres of authority: trade and other economic matters, justice and home affairs, and common foreign and security policy. It is composed of four major parts: the Commission, the Council of Ministers, the European Court of Justice, and the European Parliament. Additionally, the heads of state meet every six months as the European Council. |
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| Established the EU (European Union) in 1991. |
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| The European Union's three spheres of authority, as defined by the Maastricht Treaty: trade and other economic matters, justice and home affairs, and common foreign and security policy. |
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| A decline in support for enlargement among EU voters. Brought about by the rapid grouth of the EU. |
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| Part of the EU's organizational structure. The heads of state meet every six months. |
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| Part of the European Union. Has the power to set basic interest rates and other fiscal policies. |
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| Made in 1998. Britain agreed to devolve some power to a parliament that was set up for Northern Ireland. |
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| Western Europe's economic system. Team-oriented and emphasizes cooperation between management and organized labor. Also provides a strong economic safety net and government-subsidized transportation systems. |
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| A Serb communist who became president of Serbia in 1990. Asserted Serb nationalism by rallying Serbs in Bosnia, Croatia, and Slovenia to fight to remain under Serb control. His policies lead to a genocide. |
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| A policy pursued by Serbs under Milosevic's leadership in which they attempted to wipe out all other nationalities through genocide. |
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| Also known as the International Court of Justice. Located in the Netherlands. Tried Milosevic for crimes against humanity. |
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| A primarily Muslim region of Russia. The Russian government has had difficulty holding onto it. |
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| Gangs reiterating Adolf Hitler's racist doctrines. Burned immigrant housing and demonstrated against foreigners. |
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