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ap euro test 1
ch 10
147
History
10th Grade
10/04/2010

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What were the causes of the hundred years war?
Definition
Controversy over sucession, french land belonging to british kings, conflict over flanders, and struggle for national identity
Term
Who were involved in the controversy over sucession in 100 yrs war
Definition
Philip of valois and kind edward of england
Term
Wat was flanders
Definition
A wool industry that wanted independance from france and asks england
Term
How was french unity before 100 yrs war
Definition
Not united
Term
Wat was the 100 yrs war
Definition
A series of short raids and expiditions punctuated by a few major battles marked off by truces/ineffective treaties
Term
Wat were french advantages over england in 100yw?
Definition
Big pop, richer than engl, better army quantity
Term
Wat was englands advantages in the 100yw
Definition
Experienced and well trained army, unified, had longbow
Term
The 1000yw was...
Definition
Expensive, borrow and raise taxes, tax weak peasants who can't fight back
Term
Joan of arc
Definition
Heard gods voice and convinced fr. To let her fight - led to win of orleans. Brought inspiration and self confidence. Was burned at the stake, later declared saint
Term
What were the effects of the 100yrwar
Definition
England is permanently remvoed from fraces, serfdom ends because of revolts, rise of modern state (pwr to central monarch), france unifies
Term
when did the renaissance occur?
Definition
1300-1600 first in Italy
Term
Jacob Burckhardt
Definition
19-century historian Jacob
Burckhardt claimed the Renaissance period stood in
distinct contrast to the Middle Ages.
Term
Renaissance culture applied almost exclusively to the ____ classes.
Definition
upper
Term
which northern italian city states developed international trade?
Definition
genoa, venice, milan
Term
signori
Definition
despots, controlled much of italy by 1300
Term
oligarchies
Definition
rule of merchant aristocracies - controlled much of italy by 1300
Term
what was the commenda
Definition
Contract between merchant and
“merchant-adventurer” who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds (for 1/3 of profits)
Term
what happened in result to the northern italian city states developing ?
Definition

 

As a result, Italy became more urban - more towns and 

cities with significant populations than anywhere else 

in Europe at this time  

 

 

Term
what did competition among the city states mean
Definition
that italy did not unify politically
Term

Condottieri


Definition

mercenary generals of private armies 

who were hired by cities for military purposes 

 

 


Term

Center of the Renaissance during the 14 and 15 

centuries. 


Definition

Republic of Florence (included Republic of Genoa)

Term
who was the republic of florence dominated by
Definition
the medici family
Term

Cosimo de’ Medici 


Definition

allied with other 

powerful families of Florence and became unofficial 

ruler of the republic 

 

 


Term

Lorenzo de’ Medici (the “Magnificent”) 

Definition

significant patron of the arts (son of 

Cosimo) 

 


Term

 French invasions began in 1494 (“First Italian War”) 

Definition

Milan’s despot, Ludovico “the Moor,” encouraged 

French King Charles VIII to invade Naples, the 

traditional enemy of Milan. 

 

 


Term

Milan’s despot, Ludovico “the Moor,” encouraged 

French King Charles VIII to invade Naples, the 

traditional enemy of Milan. 

 

 


Definition

This was the beginning of foreign invasions 

throughout the Italian peninsula. 

 


Term

When Florence attempted to appease France during 

its invasion in 1494, it led to the overthrow of the 

Medici family.  

 


Definition

Although the Medici family returned to power 

several years later, Florence by then was 

severely weakened. 

 


Term

Girolamo Savonarola 


Definition

became the unofficial 

leader of Florence between 1494 and 1498. Pledged to rid Florence of its decadence and 

corruption became a puppet of the French 


 


Term

became a battleground in a series of power 

struggles between Spain and France 

 


Definition
italy
Term

Spanish fears of a French-Italian alliance resulted 

in Spain’s alliance with 


Definition

Venice, the Papal States, 

and the Holy Roman Empire 

 

 


Term

4.Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) The Prince (1513)

Definition

 

The quintessential political treatise of the 16 

century Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia 

 


 

Term
what were some of the ideas of niccolo machiavelli
Definition

Stated that politically, “the ends justifies the 

means” 

d. Stated that for rulers, “it was better to be feared 

than to be loved” 

e. Rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition 

to being aggressive and ruthless 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

Sack of Rome in 1527

Definition

by armies of Holy Roman 

Emperor Charles V (who was also king of Spain) 

symbolized the end of the Renaissance in Italy 

 

 


Term

 

Humanism

 

Definition

 

Revival of antiquity (Greece and Rome) in philosophy, 

literature and art 

 

Strong belief in individualism and the great potential 

of human beings

 

Focused first on studying ancient languages


 

Term

 

Virtú

 

Definition

 

“the quality of being a man”; idea of 

excelling in all of one’s pursuits 

 


 

Term

Civic Humanism

Definition

idea that education should prepare 

leaders who would be active in civic affairs 

 


Term

Petrarch 

Definition

the “father of humanism” 

1. Considered the first modern writer Claimed that the Middle Ages (the period between the 

fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the 

Renaissance) were the “Dark Ages”  He was perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis 

to ancient texts.  Wrote his famous poetry in the Italian vernacular

 


 

 


 


Term

Boccacio 

Definition

Compiled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman 

mythology 

2. Decameron is his most famous work 

 

 

 


Term

Leonardo Bruni 


Definition

1. First to use the term “humanism” 

2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 

3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 

 


Term

 Lorenzo Valla

Definition

Foremost expert on the Latin language: Elegances of 

the Latin Language (1444) 

2. On the False Donation of Constantine 

 


Term

Valla also pointed out errors in the

Definition

Latin Vulgate

Term

Marsilio Ficino

Definition

 One of the most influential humanist philosophers of 

the 15th century 

2. Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo 

de’ Medici in the 1460s 

 Translated Plato’s works into Latin, giving modern 

Europeans access to these works for the first time. 

 


 

 


Term

Pico della Mirandola

Definition

Member of the Platonic Academy 

2. Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 

a. Perhaps the most famous Renaissance work on the 

nature of humankind. 

b. Humans were created by God and therefore given 

tremendous potential for greatness, and even 

union with God if they desired it. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

Baldassare Castiglione  

Definition

The Book of 

the Courtier (1528) 

a. Perhaps most important work on Renaissance 

education 

b. Specified qualities necessary to be a true gentleman 

 Described the ideal of a “Renaissance man”

 

 

 

 

Term

Johann Gutenberg

Definition

Printing press:Gutenberg’s development of movable type made 

possible the spread of humanistic literature to rest of 

Europe with astonishing speed. 

 

 


Term

Florence was the leader in Renaissance art especially 

in the  


Definition

quattrocento (1400s) 


Term

Giorgio Vasari 

Definition

The Lives of the Artists 

Contemporary Renaissance art historian who 

left much valuable information about 

Renaissance artists and their works. 

 

 

 


Term

Massive patronage for the arts came from  


Definition

merchant-families (such as the Medicis) who 

commissioned countless works from the great 

artists. 

 

 


Term

 Patronage also came from local

Definition

churches who 

increasingly saw Renaissance art as a means of 

glorifying God. 

 


Term

Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the 

Definition

1500s (cinquecento

With the decline of Florence in the late-15th 

century, Renaissance dominance shifted to Rome. 

 

 


Term

Pope Alexander VI 

Definition

most 

notorious of the Renaissance popes; spent huge 

sums on art patronage 

 


Term

perspective

Definition

 3-D effects on a 2-dimensional 

surface 

Medieval works, in contrast, looked flat and 

two-dimensional 

 

 

 


Term

chiaroscuro

Definition

use of dark and light colors to create 

the illusion of depth 

 


Term

sfumato

Definition

developed by Leonardo; a technique of 

blurring or softening sharp outlines 

 


Term
sculpture glorified
Definition
the individual
Term
renaissance architecture utilized
Definition

ancient Greek and Roman forms such as 

Greek temple architecture (with triangular 

pediments), Greek columns, Roman arches and 

domes 

Simplicity, symmetry and balance.  

 

Term

Giotto

Definition

considered perhaps the first 

Renaissance painter; use of chiaroscuro 


Term

Filippo Brunelleschi

Definition

Il Duomo (1420-34) atop Santa Maria del Fiore is 

his masterpiece; it was the largest dome in Europe 

at the time of its construction (See right) 

b. Considered the “father” of perspective 

Brunelleschi’s dome atop Santa 

Maria del Fiore 


Term

 Lorenzo Ghiberti 

Definition

 sculpt the bronze 

doors for Florentine baptistery 


Term

Donatello

Definition

 bronze statue of David (1408-09) was the first 

since antiquity (See right) 

b. First Renaissance artist to utilize a nude figure in 

sculpture 

 


Term

Masaccio

Definition

Expulsion of Adam and Eve

Term

 Sandro Botticelli 

Definition

Birth of 

Venus 

Term

“High Renaissance”

Definition

centered in Rome (16th century) 

1. The worldly “Renaissance Popes”—Alexander VI, Julius 

II and Leo X—provided tremendous patronage to the 

arts 


Term

Bramante

Definition

His Tempietto (San Pietro in Montorio) marked the 

beginning of the High Renaissance in Rome (1502) 

when Alexander VI appointed him to build a 

sanctuary that allegedly marked the spot where 

Peter was crucified 

 

Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 

Uffizi, Florence 


Term

Leonardo da Vinci

Definition

The quintessential “Renaissance Man” 

Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, 

scientist 


Term

Mona Lisa

Definition

Considered one of the great masterpieces in all 

of art history 

Leonardo developed the technique of sfumato

a haze that softens the edges of objects in the 

painting. 

 

Bramante’s Tempietto 

 


Term

Raphael Santi

Definition

Created numerous “Madonna and Child” paintings 

b. School of Athens 

Term

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Definition

David (1501-04): Humanistic marble 

sculpture—glorifies the human body; 

contrapposto stance; facial features are 

individualistic and emotional (See right) 

o Pieta (1499):  Mary holding limp body of Christ 

considered perhaps the most perfect marble 

sculpture ever made (See next page) 

c.  Architecture: Designed the enormous dome atop 

St. Peter’s Cathedral in the Vatican (still the 

largest dome in present-day Europe) 


Term

Titian

Definition

Greatest painter of the Venetian school 

2. Use of vivid color and movement, in contrast to more 

subtle colors and static figures of the Florentine style 


Term

Mannerism 

Definition

Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance, 

symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color 

High Renaissance had taken art to perfection; 

there was little that could be done to improve it; 

thus, mannerists rebelled against it 

Michelangelo’s Pieta 

 

 

 


Term

El Greco

Definition

Greek artist who did most of his greatest work in 

Spain 

b. Perhaps the greatest of the Mannerists with his use 

of elongated figures and unnatural pigments 


Term

Christian Humanism: 


Definition

Emphasis on early Church writings that provided 

answers on how to improve society and reform the 

Church 

Drew on Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and the 

writings of the Church Fathers.  

Writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to 

the Reformation 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

Erasmus (1466-1536) 

 


Definition

1. Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists 

2. Master of the Greek language; one of Europe’s 

foremost authorities 

3. Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions 

of the New Testament to create ‘purer’ editions. 

4. He was the first humanist to earn a living by writing— 

an extremely impressive achievement. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

In Praise of Folly (1513) 

 


Definition

Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church 

leaders and the clergy 

e. The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and 

influenced Martin Luther. 

 

“Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched” 

 


 

 

 


Term

Thomas More 

Definition

Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the 

highest government position of any humanist 

Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England  

2. Utopia (1516): More’s humanistic masterpiece 

a. Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to 

describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an 

imaginary island 

b. More sees the accumulation of property as a root 

cause for society’s ills; a few have it—most don’t 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

Jacques Lefevre d’Etables 


Definition

Produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a 

single authoritative version of the Bible. 

 

 


Term

E. Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros 

Definition

Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy 

and church so that many of the Church abuses that 

were highlighted during the Reformation did not 

necessarily apply to Spain 

Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition (serves 

as an example of how not all humanists were 

necessarily tolerant of heretical views). 

2. Complutensian Polyglot Bible: Placed Hebrew, Greek, 

and Latin versions of the Bible in parallel columns. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

François Rabelais  


Definition

1.His secular writings portrayed his confidence in human 

nature and reflected Renaissance tastes 

2. Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532-1542)  

 

 

 

 


Term

G. Michel de Montaigne 

Definition

Developed the essay form 

The essay became a vehicle for testing new ideas 

2. Skepticism 

a. Doubt that true knowledge could be obtained 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

William Shakespeare 


Definition

Elizabethan era 

1. Greatest of the English Renaissance authors 

2. His works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical 

Greek and Roman culture, individualism and 

humanism 

3. Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616): Don Quixote 

 


Definition

. Among the greatest pieces of Spanish literature 

2. Critical of excessive religious idealism chivalric 

romance 

 

 

 


Term

Northern Renaissance Art 

Definition

Heavily influenced by the Italian Renaissance 

b. More detail throughout paintings (especially the 

background) than the Italian Renaissance 

c. Use of oil paints (in contrast to Italian Renaissance 

that used tempera) 

d. More emotional than the Italian style 

e. Works often preoccupied with death 


Term

Jan Van Eyck

Definition

Ghent Altarpiece

 painter 

a. Most famous and innovative Flemish painter of the 

15th century 

b. Perfected oil painting 

c. Naturalistic wood panel paintings used much 

religious symbolism. 

 

Van Eyck, Arnolfini and his Wife 

National Gallery, London 

 


Term

Bosch

Definition

Netherlands 

a. Master of symbolism and fantasy 


Term

Peter Brueghel the Elder

Definition

Not influenced much by the Italian Renaissance 

b. Focused on lives of ordinary people  


Term

Albrecht Dürer

Definition

Foremost northern Renaissance artist. 

b. Master of the woodcut

Term

Hans Holbein the Younger

Definition

Premier portrait artist of his era: painted Erasmus, 

More, numerous portraits of King Henry VIII and 

also his family members 

 


Term

Fugger family

Definition

especially Jacob Fugger 

(1459-1525) was significant in patronizing art of the 

Northern Renaissance 


Term

 

Christine de Pisan

 

Definition

patron

The City of 

Ladies (1405); The Book of Three Virtues 

Chronicle of accomplishments of great women 

of history. 

 

 

 

 


Term

 

Women were to make themselves pleasing to the man 


 

Definition

 

(Castiglione)-- only applied to the upper classes 


 

Term

Isabella d’Este 

Definition

b.Isabella d’Este (1474-1539): “First Lady” of the 

Renaissance 

Set an example for women to break away from 

their traditional roles as mere ornaments to 

their husbands 

Ruled Mantua after her husband died 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

Artemesia Gentileschi 

Definition

Perhaps the first female artist to gain 

recognition in the post-Renaissance era. 

First woman to paint historical and religious 

Term

“New” Monarchs

Definition

Consolidated power and created the foundation for 

Europe’s first modern nation-states in France, England 

and Spain. 

notes 

 


Term

Characteristics of New Monarchies 

 Reduced the power of the nobility through 


Definition

taxation, 

confiscation of lands (from uncooperative nobles),  

and the hiring of mercenary armies or the creation of  

standing armies 

 

 

 


Term

Louis XI “Spider King” 

Definition

Created a large royal army 

Dealt ruthlessly with nobles, individually, and 

within the Estates General 

Increased taxes 

Exerted power over the clergy 

Actively encouraged economic growth 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

Condordat of Bologna

Definition

 The king of 

France now had power to appoint bishops to 

the Gallican (French) Church. 

o Represented a major blow to papal 

influence in France 

 

 

 

 


Term

taille

Definition

Francis instituted a direct head tax on 

all land and property 

 


Term

Francis I 

Definition

Condordat of Bologna, taille:

Term

 England:

Definition

War of the Roses Tudor dynasty 

Term

War of the Roses

Definition

Two noble families, the House of York and the 

House of Lancaster fought a civil war to gain the 

crown. 

b. Yorkists were victorious and gave rise to the 

Tudor dynasty (which would rule England until 

1603). 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

Henry VII ( 


Definition

a. Reduced the influence of the nobility, in part, 

through the Star Chamber (secret trials)  

 

 


Term

Marriage of  ____ united spain

Definition

erdinand of Aragon (r. 1478-1516) & 

Isabella of Castile  


Term

1492, Reconquista 


Definition

Goal was to remove the last of the Moors and the 

Jews and Christianize Spain 

Last Muslim stronghold of Grenada surrendered 

b. Loss of Jews and Moors resulted in a significant 

decline in the Spanish middle-class 

Between 30,000 to 60,000 Jews expelled 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

hermandades:

Definition

alliances of cities to oppose nobles 

Helped bring cities in line with royal authority 

 


Term

Spanish Inquisition

Definition

(conceived by Isabella) 

a. Monarchy enforced the authority of the national 

(Catholic) church 

 The Inquisition targeted conversos: Jews who 

had converted to Christianity but were now 

suspected of backsliding into Judaism 

Thus began a wave of anti-Semitism in certain 

parts of Europe 

In Portugal, 4,000 Jews who refused to leave 

were massacred in 1506. 

Germany began systematically persecuting 

Jews in 1509. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Term

Tomás de Torquemada

Definition

oversaw the Inquisition. 


Term

The Holy Roman Empire (HRE) consisted of about _______ sem autonomous geran states

Definition
300
Term

Maximilian I

Definition

gained territory in 

eastern France via his marriage to Mary of Burgundy 

Sparked a fierce dynastic struggle between the 

French Valois dynasty and the Hapsburgs that 

would last until 1559. 


Term

Charles V

Definition

most powerful ruler in 

Europe in the 16th century 

a. As Holy Roman Emperor, he controlled the 

Austrian Hapsburg lands while he ruled the 

Spanish Empire at the height of its power. 

b. His armies sacked Rome in 1527 that symbolically 

ended the Renaissance in Italy 


Term

bourgeoisie

Definition

middle class

Term

The Commercial Revolution 

Definition

Roots in the Middle Ages (e.g. Hanseatic League) 

2. Population growth: 70 million in 1500; 90 million in 

1600; thus, more consumers existed 

3. “Price revolution”

Term

The Fuggers in Germany and the Medicis in Italy 

were among the leading bankers in Europe. 


Definition
Term

Antwerp

Definition

in Flanders became the banking and 

commercial center of Europe in the 16th century. 


Term

Amsterdam

Definition

became the financial center in the 17th 

century after the successful Dutch Revolt against 

Spain. 


Term

Hanseatic League

Definition

evolved from within the 

German states in the Middle Ages that eventually 

controlled trade in much of northern Europe well into 

the 16th century. 

Term

New consumer goods

Definition

SUGAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

rice and tea

Term

Mercantilism

Definition

Goal: Nations sought a self-sufficient economy 

b. Strategy: create a favorable balance of trade 

where one’s country exported far more than it 

imported. 


Term

Bullionism

Definition

 A country should acquire as much 

gold and silver as possible.  


Term
sig o commercial rev
Definition

 

Slow transition from a European society that was 

almost completely rural and isolated, to a society that 

was more developed with the emergence of towns.  Emergence of more powerful nation states 

Brought about the age of exploration as competing 

nations sought to create new empires overseas 

4. The “Price Revolution” 

The bourgeoisie grew in political and economic 

significance. 


 

Term

Causes for exploration 

 

Definition

1.“God, glory and gold” were the primary motives 


Term

sought to break the Italian 

monopoly on trade with Asia.

Definition

Portugal and Spain

Term

Martin Behaim

Definition

 terrestrial globe,

Term

Portugal 

1. Motives for exploration 

Definition

Economic: sought an all-water route to Asia to tap 

the spice trade 

b. Religious: sought to find the mythical Prester John 

(a Christian king somewhere in the East) for an 

alliance against the Muslims. 


Term

Prince Henry the Navigator 

Definition

Financed numerous expeditions along the West 

African coastline in hopes of finding gold. 

b. Ushered in a new era of European exploration 


Term

Bartholomew Dias 

Definition

Rounded the 

southern tip of Africa in 1488 


Term

Vasco da Gama

Definition

Building on Dias’ route, he completed an all-water 

expedition to India in 1498. 


Term

 Amerigo Vespucci (

 

 


Definition

a. Explored Brazil: Perhaps the first European to 

realize that he had discovered a new continent in 

the New World. 

Term

Portugal’s major colony in the New World 


Definition

 Brazil 


Term

1.Christopher Columbus

Definition

1492, Columbus reached the Bahamas, believing 

he had reached the “Indies” somewhere west of 

India. 

c. His four expeditions charted most of the major 

islands in Caribbean as well as Honduras in 

Central America. 

d. Monumental significance of Columbus’ expeditions 

was that it ushered in an era of European 

exploration and domination of the New World 


Term

Bartholomew de las Casas (

Definition

Publicly criticized the ruthlessness with 

which Columbus and his successors treated 

the Amerindians. 

o His writings helped spread the “black 

legend” in Protestant countries where Spain 

was accused of using Christianity ostensibly 

for killing countless natives. 


Term

Treaty of Tordesillas 

Definition

oNew World divided between Spain and 

Portugal (at the behest of Pope Leo V) 

o Portugal was granted exclusive rights to the 

African slave trade (asiento). 

A north-south line was drawn down the middle 

of the Atlantic Ocean: Spain’s territory was 

west of the line; Portugal’s was east 

Thus, Portugal retained Brazil and its claims to 

Africa while Spain received the rest of the 

Americas. 


Term

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Definition

Discovered 

the Pacific Ocean after crossing the Isthmus of 

Panama in 1513. 


Term

Ferdinand Magellan

Definition

His ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe 


Term

 Hernando Cortès

Definition

conquered the 

Aztecs in Mesoamerica by 1521.  


Term

Francisco Pizarro 

Definition

b. Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541): conquered the 

Inca Empire along the Andes mountains in 

modern-day Peru in 1532. 


Term

“Golden Age  of 

Spain”) 


Definition

Resembled more the “New Imperialism” of the late 

19th and early 20th century by outright conquering 

entire regions and subjugating their populations 


Term

Encomienda

Definition

System: Amerindians worked for an owner for 

certain number of days per week but retained 

other parcels of land to work for themselves. 

c. Spain’s ability to forcibly utilize Amerindian labor 

was a major reason why the Spanish Empire 

imported few slaves from Africa. 


Term

5.Mestizos 

Definition

Spaniards married Amerindian women creating 

children of mixed white and Native American 

descent. 


Term

Creoles:

Definition

 Spaniards born in the New World to Spanish 

parents 


Term

E.“Old Imperialism” 

Definition

Characterized by establishing posts and forts on 

coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer 

entire regions or subjugate their populations 


Term

Alphonso d’Albuquerque

Definition

Laid the foundation for Portuguese imperialism 

in the 16th and 17th centuries 

Established strategy of making coastal regions 

(that had been won from the Muslims) a base 

to control the Indian Ocean. 

Term

Francis Xavier

Definition

ed Jesuit 

missionaries to Asia where by 1550 thousands of 

natives had been converted to Christianity in 

India, Indonesia, and Japan 


Term

Dutch East India Company 

Definition

became the major force behind Dutch imperialism 

b. Expelled Portuguese from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and 

other Spice Islands (Indonesia) 

c. By 1650, began challenging Spain in the New 

World and controlled much of the American and 

African trade. 


Term

 first introduced slavery in Brazil to farm the 

sugar plantations.

Definition
portugal
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