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AP Euro Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution Terms
37
History
11th Grade
12/13/2009

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Term
alchemy and hermetic magic
Definition
people believed that the world was a living embodiment of divinity. Humans also had this spark of divinity within.
Term
Ptolemaic universe and Aristotle
Definition
universe is seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center. Circular motion. Earth was made of imperfect substances, but the surrounding bodies were made of perfect substances.
Term
geocentric universe
Definition
everything described above… (look in Ptolemaic universe and aristotle)
Term
Revolution in astronomy
Definition
professional astronomers wanted to trace the path of the bodies of light (planets) more closely. Findings contradicted the geocentric model.
Term
Copernicus
Definition
argued that universe consisted of eight spheres with the sun motionless at the center and the fixed stars at rest in the eighth sphere. Circular orbits, Earth rotated daily. Catholic church did not say anything until Galileo showed up.
Term
Brahe
Definition
Danish nobleman who provided lots of work later used by his former assistant, Kepler. For 20 years, he observed the movement of the stars and planets.
Term
Kepler
Definition
Three laws of planetary motion. Elliptical orbits, sun at center. Speed of a planet is greater when closer to sun and decreases as its distance increases.(speed is not steady) Finally, that planets with larger orbits revolve at a slower average velocity than those with smaller orbits.
Term
Galileo
Definition
- created the telescope, and made discoveries about the surface of the planets. “The Starry Messenger” stated that the planets were made of material similar to that of earth (not perfect)
Term
heliocentric universe
Definition
sun at center
Term
the Inquisition and house arrest
Definition
Roman Inquisition condemned Copernicanism and ordered Galileo to reject his theories. Galileo was allowed to discuss it but not as a fact and more as a mathematical supposition. Galileo published another work, and was forced to recant his ‘errors’ and then placed under house arrest.
Term
Isaac Newton
Definition
- invented the calculus, wrote Principia, made president of Royal Society and knighted.
Term
universal law of gravitation
Definition
In Principia, Newton spelled out the mathematical proofs demonstrating his universal law of gravitation – culminating the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Three laws of motion. World-machine. Applied reason to society.
Term
Advances in medicine
Definition
medicine also experienced a transformation during the scientific revolution.
Term
Galen
Definition
a second century Greek physician who relied on animal dissection to create a picture of human anatomy that was pretty inaccurate.
Term
four bodily humors
Definition
Galen's belief in four balancing parts of the body.  1. blood was warm and moist. 2. Yellow bile was warm and dry. 3. Phlegm was cold and most and 4. black bile was cold and dry. Disease resulted from an imbalance of these humors. “contraries cure.”
Term
Paracelsus
Definition
rejected Aristotle and Galen. Believed that chemical reactions of the universe as a whole were reproduced in humans on a smaller scale. Disease was caused by chemical imbalances in specific organs. “like cures like.”
Term
Andreas Vesalius
Definition
Created a new anatomy, blood originated from heart, but still believed there were two types of blood. On the Fabric of the Human Body
Term
William Harvey
Definition
Wrote 'On the Motion of the Heart and Blood', same blood flows in both veins and arteries, makes complete circuit through the body.
Term
Women in the origins of modern science-
Definition
Women were attracted to science. Very controversial subject.
Term
Margaret Cavendish
Definition

    participant in crucial scientific debates.  Very outspoken and active but was denied a spot in the Royal Society.

Term
Maria Sibylla Merian
Definition

Entomologist.  Studied insects and plants in South America.  Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam.

Term
Maria Winkelmann
Definition
Most famous female astronomer. Married Gottfried Kirch who was Germany’s foremost astronomer and became his assistant. She was denied a post at the Berlin Academy of science because she was a woman.
Term
Rene Descartes
Definition
created a new view of humankind based on doubt. Discourse on Method.
Term
"I think therefore I am"-
Definition
Descartes believed that because humans had the ability to think, then they undoubtedly existed.
Term
Descartes new view of humankind-
Definition
separation of mind and matter, he would accept only those things that his reason said were true.
Term
Descartes' deductive method
Definition
created mathematical proofs, but would only rely on his mind. go from big to small
Term
Cartesian Dualism
Definition
- absolute duality between mind and body. Matter was inert, could be investigated independently by reason. Created by Descartes, and was dubbed Father of Modern Rationalism.
Term
Empiricism
Definition
Founded by John Locke, this was the belief that knowledge arose from sense experiences.
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
Descartes and Bacon both played in to this, with Bacon arguing for induction and Descartes supporting deduction. Isaac Newton combined them both to start with systematic observations and experiments which were used to arrive at general concepts. Deductions derived from these general concepts could then be tested and verified by precise experiments.
Term
Francis Bacon's inductive method-
Definition
attempted to put forward a new method of acquiring knowledge that urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general. Wanted science to create devices that would benefit society.
Term
"to conquer nature in action"-
Definition
As declared by Bacon, science could be used to control and dominate nature.
Term
Benedict de Spinoza's pantheism
Definition
First of all, this guy tried to scientifically prove that women were inferior to men. Pantheism refers to his belief that God was the universe. Everything that exists is god. Spinoza rejects Descartes separation of mind and matter.
Term
Blaise Pascal's Pensees
Definition
Tried to convert rationalists to Christianity by appealing to their reason and their emotions. Humans are frail creatures that are easily deceived by senses and misled by reason and emotions. But they thought! God was a reasonable bet – there was nothing to lose. Did not succeed in uniting Christianity and Science.
Term
English Royal Society
Definition
scientific society in which prominent scientists met and discussed. Determined to investigate technological improvements for industry. Not really encouraged by gov.
Term
French Royal Academy of Sciences-
Definition
Louis XIV formally recognized this group. They collected tools and machines but both ended up focusing on theoretical astronomy and mathematics.
Term
The spread of science through these clubs-
Definition
they published papers such as Journal des Savants for france and Philosophical Transactions for england.
Term
Medieval science, Renaissance Science –compare with Sci. Rev
Definition
Well medieval science wasn't really science at all. Everything came from God. Renaissance science was more about magic and how each human had a small piece of divinity within him or herself (hermeticism). The scientific revolution began to make real progress. People looked at things differently, and began to ask "Why?"
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