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| Passed by the British Parliament in 1832. Abolished the rotten boroughs, expanded the electorate, and empowered the industrial middle class. |
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| Represented demands by working-class activists; sought an array of reforms from 1838 into the late 1840s. Advocated universal male suffrage, a secret voting ballot, "one man, one vote" representation in Parliament, abolition of property qualifications for public office, and public education for all classes. |
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| Took place in France, the German states, the Hapsburg Empire, Hungary, the Italian states, and Poland. |
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| Whig (liberal party) prime minister. Attempted to expand voter eligibility, but was defeated. Returned to power in 1868. Legalized labor unions, introduced the secret ballot, and offered free public education to working-class children. |
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| The period from the fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the revolutions of 1848. Named after Klemens von Metternich, Austria's extremely influential foreign minister. |
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| Napoleon's nephew. Elected President of the Second Republic in 1848, and proclaimed himself emperor in 1852. Constructed highways, railroads, and canals, subsidized industry, and stimulated the economy, but lost much of his popular support after the Crimean War and the Franco-Prussian War. |
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| 1853 to 1856. The French and the English went to war to prevent the Russians from establishing dominance over the Black Sea posessions of the Ottomans. |
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| 1894 to 1906. A Jewish army captain was falsely accused of spying by antirepublican conservatives. One instance of the political infighting that often paralyzed the French government. |
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| Radical student organizations dedicated to the creation of a unified Germany that would be governed by constitutional principles. |
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| An economic union of seventeen German states set up by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs and set the tone for greater union. |
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| An extralegal convention that met from May 1848 to May 1849 and established the nature of the future union of Germany. |
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| Issued by Metternich in 1819. Anti-subversive laws designed to get the liberals out of Austria, its press, and the universities. Drove liberalism and nationalism underground. |
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| Called by the Czechs in response to the all-German Frankfurt conference. Developed the notion of Austrioslavism, by which the Slavic groups within the empire would remain part of the empire but also set up autonomous national governments. |
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| Established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. |
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| A movement in the 1800s (19th century) that aimed for unity of all the Slavic peoples. |
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