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| Used during the Middle Ages. Divided a community's land into narrow strips, which were given to individual families. Inefficient. |
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| Took place in England during the late 17th and 18th centuries. Fenced off the open fields to enable large landowners to employ crop rotation. |
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| A system developed by various European states to create a favorable balance of trade with their colonies or other states. Created an imbalance of exports over imports to get more gold and silver, which was used to cover government and military costs. |
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| Wrote The Wealth of Nation in 1776. Argued that government should get out of the way of the economy and let the "invisible hand" of competition take over. Laissez-faire economic theory- individuals should be able to pursue their own economic interests. Laid the basis for the development of capitalism. An economic reformer, or physiocrat. |
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| Written by Descartes in 1637. "I think, therefore I am." God exists because a perfect being would have existence as part of its nature. |
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| Polish astronomer. Heliocentric conception of the universe- the sun is at the center and the earth orbits around it. Wrote Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies. |
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| Principia Mathematica in 1687: the law of universal gravitation. Natural laws governing the universe. |
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| A movement based on the belief that religion and reason could be combined. |
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| 16th and 17th centuries. Refined astronomy and physics. Also saw improvements in mathematics and medicine, and the establishment of learned societies dedicated to the advancement of science. |
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| An intellectual movement that advocated the application of the principles of the Scientific Revolution to an understanding of all life. |
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| Ran the most famous salon (gathering of intellectuals) in Paris. |
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| French writer. Wrote Letters on the English, which praised England while indirectly critiqueing France, in 1733, and Candide, a satire on war and the power of the aristocracy and the clergy, in 1759. |
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| French writer. Wrote Emile, a book on education, and The Social Contract, which advocated majority rule (the "general will"), in 1762. Concept of the "noble savage;" man is corrupted by society. |
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| Wrote Persian Letters, a satire written in the form of reports sent home by two Persian visitors to Paris, in 1721, and The Spirit of the Laws, an analysis of government arguing for a three-branch government characterized by seperation of powers and checks and balances, in 1748. |
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| Laissez-faire economics. Believed that government should remove all restrictions on free trade and let the laws of supply and demand operate for the good of society. |
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| English writer and feminist. Vindication of the Rights of Woman, published in 1792. Argued that opression of women was contradictory to Enlightenment principles. |
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| Ottoman Turks in 1453. Capture of the capital of the Byzantine empire. |
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