*one king, one faith, one law*

- In each country, whatever religion the king was, the rest of the country was as well.

- ruling from the Peace of Augsburg

A. Background

    1. son of Francis I

    2. was held as a hostage by Hapsburgs by the Treaty of Madrid - never forgave his father for breaking the treaty

B. as King

    1. took revenge on Charles V for holding him hostage - fought The Italian War of 1551 to try to get control of European affairs for France

C. Death

    1. was fatally wounded at a jousting tournament in celebration of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis and his daughter's marriage

A. Background

    1. inherited the French throne when Henry III died childless - when Valois family died out

B. Religion

    1. originally a Huguenot

    2. converted to Catholicism to become king because France would never accept a Huguenot king

- French Calvinists

- his assassination caused the bloodshed between the Catholics and Huguenots to degenerate even more

(1572)

A. Background

   1. Henry of Navarre and many Huguenot leaders were invited to Paris for the wedding of Henry to Catherine de Medici's daughter

B. Bloodshed

    1. Guises took advantage of all those Huguenot leaders gathered in one place and slaughtered as many as they could         - Henry and many other leaders escaped

C. Results

    1. prolonged the war

    2. not just the Guises were targeted now

*moderated Catholics who felt they went to far* - they wanted peace, to make some sort of practical settlement to stop all the bloodshed

*radical Catholics - perpetrators of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre* - they pledged their allegiance to religion - continued the slaughter without thinking of peace

1. third son of Henry II and Catherine de Medici to rule (after Francis II and Charles IX)

2. Catholic

3. joined forces with Henry of Navarre

    - lost control of the Catholic side of the war

    - together they could regain control of Paris

1. recognized the legitimacy of Catholics and Protestants to coexist

    - this managing to coexist symbolized Henry IV = Protestant on the inside, Catholic on the outside

(1571)

- Spain won

- Ottomans stopped advancing farther into Europe

A. Background

    1. eldest son of Charles V

    2. inherited the Spain/Netherlands part of Charles's empire

B. as king

    1. ruled from Spain - more of a Spaniard at heart than his father - didn't travel around his provinces constantly  

    2. Portugal - became there too in 1580 - united the Iberian Peninsula

A. Reasons for bad blood between them

    1. Elizabeth rejected Phillip's marriage proposal

    2. English pirates raided Spanish treasure ships returning to Europe         ex) Francis Drake

    3. Elizabeth was aiding both French and Dutch Protestants

A. Background

    1. Charles V's illegitimate daughter, Phillip II's sister

B. governor of Netherlands

    1. Phillip assigned her there in 1559 when he returned to Italy

        a. under her rule, the practice was limited toleration of anything other than Catholicism

    2. Dutch Calvinists destabilized this with iconoclasm

        a. riots - stormed into Churches and broke everything

        b. she had no control over these riots - they saw that they could fight for religion so they they could fight for control too

A. Causes

    1. Phillip left and didn't come back, leaving regents in control

        a. regents mistreated them

    2. distrust of foreigners = the regents

    3. disliked religious policies a. the Netherlands was Protestant - Protestantism was repressed there 

    4. Spanish policies there lacked understanding of local conditions

        a. all decisions to do with the Netherlands were made in Spain - decisions were made without actually knowing firsthand what was going on = unfair

    5. Dutch wanted a say in their own govt.

A. sent by Phillip II to the Netherlands to get control of the Dutch rebellion

    1. executed the leaders publicly, even the Catholic ones

    2. allowed his soldiers to pillage and slaughter the inhabitants of the towns implicated in iconoclasm

    3. was very cruel in his punishment policies

(1576)

- soldiers sacked, slaughtered, and burned the city

A. Causes

    1. no one was in control of the Spanish soldiers

    2. they had no jobs

    3. only got partial pay

(1576)

A. Terms

    1. Spanish government acknowledged the truth of local independence with taxing

    2. they also acknowledged the right of the States General to hold the central role in Legislation

    3. all Spanish troops would immediately withdraw from the Low countries

A. Causes of the rebellious Dutch mentality {in a different card}

B. Spread of rebellion causes

    1. Alba's policies were too harsh

    2. provinces who had been loyal = they had been heavily taxed to maintain the armies -> revolt

C. Persistence of War (even after the Pacification of Ghent)

    1. Phillip II refused to accept that he had lost control of part of his inheritance, and refused to accept the Netherlands as and independent Dutch state

A. Eastern Europe wasn't affected nearly as much

    1. peasants were superstitious and ignorant

    2. wasn't Roman Catholic - not corrupted

    3. deeper religious loyalties

- the Parliamentary body that represented the Polish landed elite which carefully controlled religious policy

(1573)

1. those who differ in religion would still keep peace among themselves

    - advocated open choice in religion = much more stable than the Edict of Nantes

A. King of Poland

B. tried to regain control of the Swedish crown

    - Polish diet opposed to his plans

    - ultimately ended the war when Poland didn't have enough money to keep at it, and when the opportunity arose to intervene in the struggle of the Russian Crown

C. deposed in 1600

    1. had an aggressive alliance with the Jesuits

        - this persuaded the Polish nobles that he would try to undermine their Lutheran Church

        - was deposed in favor of his uncle, Charles IX

A. rise to power

    1. Michael Romanov was chosen by the Zemsky Sobor (assembly of landholders) at age 17 to be the next Tzar

B. once in power

    1. Michael made a humiliating peace with the Swedes in return for their assistance against the Poles

- Gustaf I Vasa led the uprising of the Swedish aristocracy that ended Danish domination, winning the right to rule over a poor sparsely populated state with few towns or developed sea ports

A. Cause

    1. Reval (a Baltic seaport) asked Sweden for protection

    2. Sweden was then later able to capture the city of Narva

        - this consolidated their hold on the Livenian coast

A. accomplishments as King of Sweden

    1. founded the Swedish Empire at the beginning of its Golden Age

        a. introduced new weapons and reshaped his army strategically

        b. conquered and claimed Riga as a Swedish port - controlled Russian trade - received tolls from ships sailing from their

    2. helped turn the 30 years war in favor of the Protestants

        - convinced many ppl to join up with his cause

        - lead a gigantic army to fight, overwhelming the imperial armies

        - won at Breitenfield

B. Background

    1. was first cousins with Sigismund III of Poland

1. King of Russia

2. greatly admired Gustavus Adolphus

A. was ill-fated from the beginning

    1. the Dutch used it to consolidate their power and increase their prosperity

A. Background

    1. Charles V's great nephew

B. Holy Roman Emperor

    1. succeeded his uncle Matthias as HRE

        - Matthias got him elected because to get a Catholic majority among the electors

        - this proved difficult because Ferdinand was known as an intolerant Catholic

- Ferdinand II was made to promise to accept strict limitations on his power

- as soon as he was HRE, he broke this promise, and violated Protestant liberties

- an assembly of Protestants tried two imperial guards for violating those liberties, found them guilty and threw them out the window

- they survived

- crowned the Protestant King of the HRE when Ferdinand I violated Protestant liberties

- caused the outbreak of the 30 years war

- later his Protestant allies refused to help him defend Bohemia against Ferdinand

- he didn't listen to them when they advised not to break the imperial peace

- his reign ended with his defeat at the Battle of the White Mountain

- he fled to Holland

(1620)

- one of the early battles of the 30 years war over the holder of the title and place of Holy Roman Emperor

- Ferdinand's Catholic forces annihilated Frederick's army

(1631)

- turning point in favor of the Protestants

- gave them a unifying symbol that enhanced Gustavus Adolphus's efforts

- 3/4s of the population was destroyed

- they finally united when it became known that Ferdinand wanted to make all presently Protestant countries Catholic and get rid of Protestantism altogether

A. Causes or war

    1. resumption of war in the Netherlands

        - France and Netherlands were allies

    2. continued successes of the Hapsburg forces in Central Europe convinced Louis XIII and Richelieu that it was time for France to be more active in European affairs

B. outcome

    1. Spain lost

        a. its economy was in shambles

        b. its citizens revolted over high taxes

        c. Dutch ships destroyed most of Spain's Atlantic fleet in 1639

        d. Portugal rebelled - the union of the Iberian Peninsula had brought them nothing = wanted independence

        e. gambled on a last battle which they ended up losing

(1648) - resolved the 30 years war

A. Religious

    1. everyone has to accept the Peace of Augsburg 

B. Politics

    1. Netherlands and Switzerland = independent states

    2. all German states have the right to treaties and alliances

        - weakens the power of the HRE

    3. Edict of Restitution = revoked 

    4. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg received territory

A. conflict

   1. started as a German conflict over religious issues

      - culmination of the religious wars of the 16th century

   2. turned into a European war, fought mainly over political issues

     - first continent-wide war in modern history

A. Protestants and Catholics now coexisted

B. huge population decrease

C. wreaked the economy

D. Habsburgs were weakened, HRE ceased to be viable political structure

- when it was still just a German religious conflict

   a. Calvinist Bohemians feared their Catholic king, Matthias, would deny their religious preferences

- Defenestration of Prague

   a. Bohemians defenestrated Matthias's representatives 

   b. installed Frederick V as king (a Calvinist)

   c. Ferdinand II became HRE/king of Bohemia after Matthias's death

- Ferdinand vs. Frederick

- Ferdinand wins at the Battle of White Moutain

- Frederick flees to Holland 

- King Christian IV of Denmark joined the German Protestants against Ferdinand

- Ferdinand still winning

    a. commission Albert of Wallenstein - raised an army which pillaged and plundered Germany and defeated the Danes

- Treaty of Lubeck = Christian got back territory he lost to Ferdinand during this period, on the condition he stay out of German affairs

- Edict of Restitution

- Ferdinand's victories alarming Protestants everywhere

- Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden joins the Protestants

   a. after having been encouraged to do so by Cardinal Richelieu

   b. was killed after victories over the Hapsburgs

- France joined the war against Ferdinand as well

- war turning in favor of Protestants

   a. even though the Swedes were defeated 

- France, Holland, and Savoy entered the war on the Swedish side

- Spain supported the Hapsburgs

- victories/losses on both sides

- the French defeated the Spanish at Rocroi, gained enough troops to defeat Germany as well

- peace talks began in Westphalia in 1644

- Ferdinand died and was succeeded by his son who started negotiations which didn't go very far until Richelieu died and France occupied Bavaria

- accumulating wealth and putting into business

- ppl banked, saved, and invested their money

- Calvinists = self-depriving, discipline

    1. don't use their wealth, kept investing

    2. became rich

"Calvinism is the origin of Capitalism"

- self discipline

- hard work

- industriousness

1. Calvinist states weren't so capitalist

    ex) Scotland, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland

2. Capitalist states that weren't Calvinist

    ex) England, Netherlands

3. Great financiers were only superficial - Calvinists or not at all - e.g. Jews, Catholics - not necessarily self-denying

1. Medieval Capitalism - Catholic

    a. Italy

    b. Southern Netherlands

    c. South Germany

2. Capitalists fled Counter-Reformation

    - Church became oppressive

    - fled to Netherlands, England

Edict of Restitution

(1629)

- issued by HRE Ferdinand II

- restored all Catholic states in Germany what had been secularized before the Peace of Augsburg

Peace of Prague

- revoked the Edict to Restitution 

- France, Holland, and Savoy enter the war on the Swedish side

- Spain supported the Hapsburgs

- victories/losses on both sides

- the French defeated the Spanish at Rocroi

- peace talks began in Westphalia in 1644