Term
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Definition
A. 16th century
1. knowledge passed down from the past made them curious about the present
a. knowledge - natural world has replaced the bible
b. exploration was an extension of everything else going on at the time
2. demand of commerce
a. Ottomans were blocking the way into the East
- needed a way to get around the Ottomans
3. Advance in technology
- made longer voyages possible
ex) dead reckoning, calculating latitude from sun's position, sophisticated ship design, magnetic compass, astrolobe, new methods of map-making
B. Motivation - 3 "G"s
1. Gold
2. G-d
3. Glory |
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Term
| Portugal - Age of Exploration |
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Definition
A. leading nation in exploration and discovery
1. had always been sea explorers
a. caravels
- small ships ideal for ocean travel
b. most skillful navigators
- King Henry the Navigator
2. Geography
a. situated right on the Atlantic
- no access to Mediterranean = incentive
B. Brazil
1. Portuguese expedition on its way to India was blown off course
C. only Continental European nation to have the same border now as it did in 1500 |
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Term
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Definition
1. rounded the tip of Africa
- opened Eastern African shores to Portugal for trade |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. rounded the Cape of Good Hope and crossed the Indian Ocean |
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Term
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Definition
A. Java
1. Geography
a. situated on the bottom tip of Indonesia
2. Spices
ex) cinnamon, cloves, pepper
a. preservatives
b. taste enhancers |
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Term
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Definition
A. Genoese adventurer
B. failed first voyage
1. failed to find a Western Passage to India
a. didn't come back laden with Eastern spices
C. San Salvador
1. discovered many natives
a. naive/unself-serving
b. primitive
1. no clothes
2. no weapons |
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Term
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Definition
(1494)
A. Portugal
1. Brazil
B. Spain
2. everything else
- turned out to be the entire rest of South America and Central America
Irony = Portugal thought they were getting the better deal, while really Spain ended up with so much more |
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Term
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Definition
A. crossed land passage of Panama
B. first European that saw the Pacific Ocean |
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Term
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Definition
A. first to circumnavigate the world
1. crossed Atlantic Ocean
2. resupplied his fleet in Brazil
3. went all the way down and around South America
4. sailed across the Pacific Ocean
5. arrived and docked at Philippines
- didn't survive the journey = his crew finished it for him
B. proved the world was round
C. disproved all Church's science |
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Term
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Definition
1. Queen of Spain
A. married Ferdinand -> unified their country
B. RELIGIOUS UNITY
1. Reconquista - Conquest of Granada
2. Inquistion - Expulsion of Jews
a. Religious
1. Marranoes = bad influence
2. after effects of Reconquista
b. Political
1. growth of Medieval Nationalism
- "New Monarchies"
a. unification of stage
b. consolidation of power
c. Economic
1. class struggle of agrarian nobility vs. a rising middle class (= Jews) |
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Term
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Definition
A. Aztecs
1. conquered them with only 400 men
a. cavalry terrified them
- they never saw horses/iron armaments
b. Aztecs didn't kill prisoners right away
- prepared them to be used as religious offerings
- gave time for Cortes to rescue his captives so they could keep fighting
c. Europeans brought foreign diseases with them
- Aztecs not immune = killed them |
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Term
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Definition
| A. conquered the Peruvian Empire of the Incas |
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Term
| Spain - Age of Exploration |
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Definition
A. undermining of orderly colonization
1. too easy to enslave/subdue/kill South Americans and just use them/take their land
B. Power
1. African contribution
a. mined
b. built everything
2. South America
a. gold/silver
b. land
- all this came for conquering SA
C. Unification
1. factors against it
a. ppl were divided among different city-states
- all maintained their own law, religion, language...
2. actual unification
a. began when Isabella and Ferdinand married
b. their grandson Charles finalized it |
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Term
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Definition
A. Christopher Columbus's first voyage started this
B. widespread exchange of plants, animals, clothing, ppl (slaves), diseases, and ideas between the East and the West |
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Term
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Definition
1. much more unified
- consolidating themselves into specific, defined regions |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. recapture and re-Christianization of conquered territories |
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Term
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Definition
A. no state system
1. no clear group of dominant power
B. chaos, fragmentation, disarray everywhere
C. war
1. Old - holdover on the middle ages
a. valour = greatly prized
b. fought to further the interests of Princes
2. New
a. mercenaries
b. more money to pay mercenaries
c. bullet replaced arrow
d. transportation let the soldiers go over greater distances of land quicker |
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Term
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Definition
A. independent from England
1. harsh climates
2. few natural advantages for agriculture
- England wasn't interested in them |
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Term
| Definition of Eastern Empire |
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Definition
A. Mongol - Crimeria and lands along the Black Sea
B. Ottoman - Balkan peninsula
C. Russia - Muscovy |
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Term
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Definition
A. treatment
1. more in the spirit of the Crusades than the Renaissance
a. ppl killed senselessly
b. eyes set only on the goal
- not thinking things through
- destroy wtvr stood in their way
(Renaissance applied much more thought to their actions) |
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Term
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Definition
A. Interference/Problems
1. natural forces
a. transportation
- bad weather disrupts travel
- distance cannot be traveled very quickly
b. communication
- separate language
- different culture
2. political problems
a. states are inherited
- prince would need to establish supremacy
- short lives = prolonged disputes over inheritance
b. rulers had defend themselves from subjects
c. need to win over or crush other institutions
B. Improvements
1. military
a. walls around cities don't protect them anymore because of technology
b. helped conquer what couldn't be inherited or married into to get |
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Term
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Definition
1. expanded Muscovy
2. preferred pacification to conquest
- was brutal when he had to be |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mongol empire deteriorated
- able to shake off their control
2. Fall of Constantinople
- Ottomans took over -> they were stronger
3. King had authority of Church
- religious motivation for the ppl to be loyal |
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Term
| Russian expansion interference |
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Definition
| 1. Crimean Tarters advancement past the Muscovy border and burning down of Moscow |
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Term
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Definition
A. Boyars
1. didn't trust them
a. had power when he was a child
b. rumor his mother was poisoned by them
2. wanted to undermine the power of the nobles
a. make ppl nobles who are already loyal to him
-would owe him land -> would fight for him
B. Govt. Innovations
1. centralized govt. around himself
2. divided govt. into deparments |
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Term
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Definition
*serfs = peasants bound to certain lands*
A. Gains
1. made possible prolonged absence of military leaders from their estates -> created a military service class
B. Losses
1. takes away incentive to improve agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
A. failure of 4 lands to united against them
1. nobles stayed strong
a. didn't let princes gain power
- no one to lead/organize revolt
B. resources constantly exhauster from war |
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Term
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Definition
(1455-1485)
A. Causes
1. ambitious nobility
2. weakness of crown
B. Effects
1. houses of York and Lancaster destroyed
2. Edward IV gained crown for house of York
- never able to wear it securely |
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Term
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Definition
A. became regent over the 2 songs of Edward IV
B. had them them murdered
C. declared himself king |
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Term
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Definition
(1485)
A. Richard III was killed by Henry Tudor VII |
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Term
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Definition
A. restored peace after decades of Civil War
1. married and established his children as indisputable heirs to his crown
2. began the process of taming his over-mighty subjects
(similar to Ivan III)
a. rewarded his supporters with land and titles
- now they owe loyalty to the Tudor dynasty |
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Term
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Definition
A. confiscated Church lands = wealth
- solved serious financial problems
B. divided govt. into different branches to efficiently take care of govt. affairs (like Ivan III)
C. centralized the privy council around himself
D. controlled Parliament |
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Term
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Definition
A. Difficulties
1. surrounded by aggressive and powerful neighbors
- constantly at war with them
2. nobles constantly fought for power
3. French ppl = suspicious of pretensions of monarchy
4. was split by regional differences
- cultural
- lingual
B. Monarchy
1. had the right to tax
2. had the right to raise a standing army |
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Term
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Definition
(1477)
A. lost Valois duke of Burgandy fell fighting against the Swiss
B. France became secure on its Eastern border |
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Term
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Definition
A. inherited a state exhausted by warfare and civil strife
B. vastly expanded French territories
C. subdued the nobility |
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Term
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Definition
A. tensions
1. dislike between different city-states
2. hostility to foreign monarchs
B. unification of Spain
1. connected himself more with the country
a. learned the language
b. traveled around through the country
c. established bureaucratic court
2. brought Spain to the forefront of European affairs
a. Spanish prowess = source of nation pride
- helped erode regional identity
C. Italian Wars
1. managed to keep both the Holy Roman Empire and Spain
2. lost Hungary to the Ottomans
D. Abdication
- died 3 years later
1. was tired out from years of caring for and trying to control an empire
2. wanted peace |
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Term
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Definition
A. King of France
B. was imprisoned in Madrid = humiliating
C. quarreled with Charles V
- over Naples, Navarre, Burgandy, and Holy Roman Empire |
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Term
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Definition
(1525)
A. Charles V defeated France and got control of Milan
- gave him control all over Europe |
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Term
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Definition
A. actual treaty
1. Francis I ceded a lot of land to Charles V
2. Francis contracted the marriage of Charles to his sister
3. upon signing it, Francis was released and allowed to return to France
B. perfidy of France
1. had agreed to stop fighting
2. as soon as Francis got back to France, began planning an attack on Charles V
a. had many supporters
- Henry VIII (had switched sides)
- Rome
- Ottoman Sultan |
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Term
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Definition
(1526)
Ottomans began to break into the Holy Roman Empire
- seized control of Hungary |
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Term
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Definition
A. the French were incapable of dislodging the Hapsburgs from Spain
B. Habsburgs could not force the Ottomnans out of Hungary |
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