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AP Euro - Chapter 11
Renaissance time period
53
History
10th Grade
03/29/2009

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Term
Italy = medieval Europe
Definition

- predominately urban, more so than anywhere else in Europe

- 1/4 Italians, 1/10 Europeans lived in towns

A. was the center of trade between the East and West

B. just south of Holy Roman Empire - made money by supplying them with all their needs

C. city states = agriculturally self sufficient

D. power vacuum there = grew and flourished w/o a ruler

Term
Naples = medieval Europe
Definition

- only Italian city state governed by a hereditary monarchy

- signorial rule = King Alfonso I got power and ended 50 years of civil war in Naples

Term
Papal States = medieval Europe
Definition

- city-states under the control Church control

- mostly governed themselves

- capital in Rome, but stretched North territorially

- signorial rule = Pope returned to Rome after the Great Schism restored the Pope to the head of the state, and ruled for a long time afterward

Term
Milan = medieval Europe
Definition

- only land-locked city-state

- signorial rule = Francesco Sfroza seized power and ruled there

Term
Florence = medieval Europe
Definition

A. signorial rule

    1. greater power placed in small advisory councils

    2. Medici family's ascent to power

B. wealth

    1. money - bankers were the most powerful in the world       2. wool

C. integrated neighborhoods (instead of segregated by wealth)

    1. relationships with superiors - connections that can only help them

    2. relationships with inferiors - devoted clients

Term
Venice = medieval Europe
Definition

- Signorial Rule = greater power placed in small advisory councils

- Oligarchy = govt was administered by a restricted group ppl were born into

- Republic a. no individual had complete power b. terms of office were very short to limit power

Term
warfare between Renaissance city-states
Definition

A. Diplomacy

    1. enhanced communication

        a. between city-states themselves

        b. spying on other city-states possible

            - provided leaders with information on their allies and enemies (many ambassadors were spies)

B. Mercenaries - paid (expensive) foreign soldiers who were not loyal to their employers

Term
Lorenzo "the Magnificent" de Medici
Definition

- facilitated production of artistic life in Florence

  a. big patron of the arts 

- brought about peace between Florence and Naples by traveling to Naple and convincing the king to sign a treaty

- made a treaty with the Pope

  a. recovered lost territories

  b. expanded Florential influence

Term
Venetian galleys
Definition

- ships constructed at public expense

- used as the Venetian Navy

- helped govt regulate the spice trade

- famous for technology

- amazingly strong

Term
Venetian mercantile success
Definition

1. position at the head of the Adriatic = access to both Eastern ad Western raw materials

2. privileged position with the Byzantine empire

    a. largest group of resident Europeans in Constantinople

    b. personal contacts with Eastern traders

3. oligarchial govt = designed to disperse power *efficiency

Term
Peace of Lodi
Definition

- established 2 balanced alliances

   a. each alliance promised not to fight only with their allies

   b. continued to expand their territories through other smaller states

- misnomer = wasn't a peaceful time

Term
Ottoman Victories
Definition

- mostly a threat to Venice

  a. Venice would lose their favored position in Eastern trade

  b. Venice was on the Eastern front

      - would be attacked first

- if the city-states had been united, they might have been able to stop the Ottomans

Term
Italian city-states downfall/end to the Renaissance
Definition

The Wars of Italy caused this - the city-states fought against each other, and brought in foreign help from other countries like France, who eventually took over.

Term
HUMANISM
Definition

*discovery of meaning in the natural world with man at its center*

- looking for truth and meaning in manand his creations - interest in human potential - relationship with Church = coexistence in the beginning => became more antagonistic as it progressed

A. Literary

    1. study of Greek and Roman texts

    2. "studia humanitas"

B. Scientific

    1. rejection of medieval emphasis on theology, pope, church

    2. replaced by nature and man at its center

Term
Pico della Mirando
Definition

-studied Hebrew with Jewish outcasts from Spain

- wanted to *rediscover the origins of things*

- to go back to the earliest times (he believed the New Testament was corrupted)

Term
Fall of Constantinople - 1453
Definition

- caused Italy to become the center for Greek studies as Byzantine scholars arrived there fleeing the Ottoman conquerors

Term
Renaissance scholars
Definition

- looked to ancient literature for guides to life because the Middle Ages were so religion-oriented => Renaissance goes in the opposite direction a. concerned with accuracy of the texts - wanted to get to man's origin => needs exact words

Term
Lorenzo Valla
Definition

A. Philology

    1. used it to prove the Donation of Constantine was a fake

        - studied the working and realized some words in it hadn't existed yet during the time the document claimed to have been written => couldn't be genuine

        - this discovery forced the Pope to recognize Alfonso as King of Naples

Term
Civic Humanism
Definition

*to teach all and do all*

- Alberti's ideal of this = to live a life of scholarship which was a public service (be different things useful to society)

Term
The Book of the Courtier
Definition

- written by Castiglione (this book had a great effect on society)

- completely superficial guide for courtiers to act

- appearances mean everything

Term
Renaissance science
Definition

A. text based knowledge

    - derived from ancient Greek works

B. experiment based knowledge

    - could only be received from observation

C. medicine

    - the body is made up of the 4 elements mixed together and if one is sick, there is an imbalance

    - used leeches/bleeding to remove blood which they thought would restore health to the body

Term
Niccolo Machiavelli
Definition

A. wrote The Prince

    - a public service

    - took his talents and worked his hardest to do a good job to help others (who can use his book as a guide)

    - says a person should do wtvr he can to stay in power (even lie, cheat, steal, etc)

    - prince is the key element in stability of country

B. very cynical

    - was uprooted from a secure place in govt => was bitter towards those who stole his power => lost faith faith and trust in his own people

    - describes man in general as being dishonest and unfaithful

Term
Renaissance Architecture
Definition

A. architecture

    - an expression of urban civilization and pride

B. dominant artistic discipline of the Renaissance

    - many ppl were beginning to live urbanly

    - need for a lot of building

Term
Filippo Brunelleschi
Definition

1. combined Gothic and classic architecture

    - brings back pillars, low domes, heavy low slung pointy roofs

Term
Donatello
Definition

1. Contrapposto

    a. relaxed position

    b. weight concentrated on one leg

    c. body more relaxed

2. "David"

    a. rounded body masses

    b. realistic human forms

    c. sculpted cloth - didn't make the creases sharp - made them hang naturally

Term
Leon Battista Alberti
Definition

1. added humanistic spirit to Brunelleschi's geometric principals

2. made use of columns and arches to be purely decorative (not just to support the building)

    - even amount of support, odd amount of building

Term
Peiro della Francesca
Definition

1. refined Masaccio's ideas

   - visual unity in his paintings

   - technicalities of compostion

   - perfect calculations for placing subjects of paintings

Term
Sandro Botticelli
Definition

1. broke away from Masaccio

   a. rebirth of classical mythology

   b. paintings = dreamlike, slightly unreal

     - characters = beautiful

   c. Byzantine art

2. The Birth of Venus

Term
Leonardo da Vinci
Definition

1. Ultimate Renaissance Man

      a. achievements = scientific, technial, AND artistic  

      b. experimented with/studied botany, anatomy, AND engineering

      c. used science in his art

2. distracted by curiosity - never completed more than 20 paintings that survived to this day and always went on to something new before he finished because he was too scatter-brained

3. inventions (1. tank, 2. submarine, 3. parachute, 4. helicopter)

4. "Mona Lisa" "The Last Supper"

Term
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Definition

1. The Pieta

    - first attempt at sculpting religious art

2. statue of David

    - portrayed the perfection of man

    - body represents the soul

3. Sistine Chapel ceiling

    - made it look like the rounded ceiling was flattened

4. St. Peter's Church in Rome

    - made it seem taller

    - added light

    - seems like its thrusting upward like a gothic cathedral

    - was 71 when made it

    - dome was the largest known at the time

5. Moses

     *scenes represented in his paintings were simple and compelling

Term
RENAISSANCE
Definition

*REBIRTH*

A. 3 stages

    1. Early Renaissance

        - Period of Literary Humanism - found classical texts/experimented with art

        - declining population from Black Plague

    2. High Renaissance

        - set of literary values

        - many artistic/achievements

        - city-states = stable govts - warfare at a standstill

    3. Late Renaissance

        - France and Spain invaded Italy => Renaissance end

B. development in Italy (first) 

    1. papacy weakened from Babylonian Exile -large number of cities grew from power vacuum

        a. more ppl gathered together to share ideas

        b. more cities => more churches => more demand for architecture, sculpting, etc

    2. center of Mediterranean and Trans-Alpine Trade

Term
Marsilio Ficino
Definition

1. High Renaissance

2. reliable source about the Renaissance because he lived at its peak

Term
Petrarch
Definition

1. lived in the Early Renaissance

    - plague still running rampant

    - only just starting to rethink life/break away from the Church

2. wrote about Greeks/Romans

3. considered the first "modern" writer 

    - wrote in Italian/Latin

    - used writing to consider the ebb and flow of his life and human condition itself

Term

 

Cities/Urbanization

 

Definition

1. surrounding agricultural communities

    a. better markets and more food for citizens - would come to nearby cities to sell their produce

    b. surplus of population - runoff of rural population

       ex) not enough room for all the children of farmers

2. guilds

    a. social hierarchy - clothiers/metal workers have higher social status than bankers/administrators of Civic and Church holdings/merchants

    b. provide protection for consumers and producers

    c. guarantee profits for craftsman

    d. concentrated wealth at the top - extreme instability of economic life - had money to stockpile to consume in times of want

Term

 

Plague effects

 

Definition

1. kept populations low

    - depressed economic growth

    - SUPPLY OUTSTRIPPED DEMAND

    - prices fell/wages rose

2. consumption more attractive than investment

    a. investment money is going to waste

        - most products aren't being bought (too few ppl to buy)

Term
Upbringing difference for girls/boys
Definition

A. Boys

    1. married late

        a. needed a stable livelihood beforehand b. start learning a trade from someone at 10-13

            - can't start making money till this

B. Girls

    1. sent off at very early ages to work as maids, etc

    2. only real worth = getting husbands

BOYS WERE FAVORED !!!

Term
development of artistic production
Definition

A. apprenticeship

    1. made possible for skilled artists to rise through encouragement of arts

B. civic pride/Church

    1. pushed for expression of social values through representational art

    2. permitted families to encourage children to learn art as a skill, early

Term
Renaissance Art
Definition

A. Piety

    1. religion

B. Patronage

    1. money

C. breakthroughs

    1. use of oil paint on stretched canvas - brighter colors

    2. chiaroscuro - dark on light/light on dark - bright illuminated parts

    3. perspective - vanishing point in background

    4. pyramid configuration

Term
Mossacio
Definition

1. Early/High Renaissance

2. Perspective

    a. what he saw

    b. Biblical scenes

3. Lighting

    a. played with light source/shadows

4. real humans

    a. as opposed to symbolism

    b. wore Renaissance clothing

    c. "the way we live is the way ppl always lived"

Term
Rafael
Definition

A. artist

    1. Castiglione

    2. Pope Julius II

    3. "The School of Athens

 - considered one of the greatest painters of any era

 - portraits/Madonnas = epitomize Renaissance style

Term
RENAISSANCE IDEALS
Definition

1. revolution of thinking = focus changing from G-d to man

    - secularization

2. tons of research

    - language, antiquities, art

3. REJECTION OF SO MUCH EMPHASIS ON RELIGION

Term
RENAISSANCE PRINCIPLES
Definition

A. Dignity of Human Nature

    1. perfectability of man

        a. spiritually and mentally

        b. opposite of idea of "original sin"

B. Perfectability of Nature

C. Universe is intelligent

    1. It is worthwhile finding out about it

Term
ORIGINS OF HUMANISM
Definition

A. Monasteries

    1. religious impulse

        a. love of G-d begins with love of man

B. Universities

    1. trained clergy

    2. trained merchants for business

    3. trained ppl to work in govt

        - to do all this, have to study man in those jobs

        - art is thinking in Renaissance

        - Middle Ages paintings = only sumbolized perceptions of G-d

Term
REJECTION OF MEDIEVAL HUMANISM
Definition

If humanism originally stems for the Middle Ages, why is it so rejected?

A. 14th Century disappointed the promise of the 13th century

    1. 4 Horseman of the Apocalypse

        a. famine - freezing temperatures

        b. war - 100 Years War

        c. disease - The Black Plague

        d. death

            - only 1/4 of population survived

            - Now, look to the future, not the past

Term

 

Causes for flourishing of art/artists in Italy

 

Definition

 

1. financial surplus

2. "act now, for tomorrow you die" - plague

3. geography

    a. center of world trade - cultural diffusion

4. wanted to understand man and nature

    a. great interest in/ability to translate ancient texts

    b. Byzantine scholars fled to Italy - brought knowledge with them

 

Term

 

Albrecht Durer

 

Definition

1. master artist of the era

   - self portraits 

   - The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

   - started painting landscapes at 13

2. mathematician


Term

 

Individualism

 

Definition

*man is the measure of all things*

- sense of human power

- personal pleasure and accomplishment = very important

- people valued a life of activity

- Virtu = the quality of being man

   a. living up to one's highest potential

   b. excelling in all endeavors

Term
Boccacio
Definition

a. contemporary of Petrarch

b. Florentine

c. Decameron

   - reflected upon human condition

Term

 

Leonardo Bruni

 

Definition

a. chancellor of Republic of Florence in late 14th c.

b. wrote one of the first modern history

    - account of development of Florence

    - uses narrative

    - draws on authentic sources

    - introduces new historical periods

Term

 

Baldassare Castiglione

 

Definition

1. wrote The Book of the Courtier

    - manual for the manners of the modern gentleman

    - a civilized antidote to crude social habits of the day

Term

 

The Prince

 

Definition

- written by Niccolo Machiavelli

- first political science work 

   (an observation of how govts actually rule w/o moral judgement or exhortion)

- one of the most criticized and misinterpreted books of modern times

- origin of the concept "the end justifies the means"

- meant as a guide for the survival of the separate and independent city-states of Italy

Term
"Geography is Destiny"
Definition

A. Italy

    - proximity to the Mediterranean

    - role as the "middlemen" of Europe

    - ability to adapt to victimization by more united peoples

    - seagoing trade with the Eastern mediterranean

Term

 

causes of the Renaissance

 

Definition

- foundations of capitalism were laid at the time

- individualism emerged as a trend

- trade with the New World began a trend of global trade

- scientific thought emerged with emphasis on scientific method

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