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AP Euro A Century of Change
A little fall of rain can hardly hurt me now.
21
History
10th Grade
12/04/2010

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Term
Henry Bessemer
Definition
In 1856, discovered a method that greatly decreased the time necessary for producing steel.
Term
bourgeoisie
Definition
Defined by Marx as the social class that owns the means of production in a capitalist society. The middle class- business owners and professionals.
Term
break-of-bulk
Definition
Transfer of cargo from one type of carrier to another- from ships to trains and trucks and vice versa.
Term
Chartists
Definition
English political group. In 1838, created a People's Charter that outlined six specific reforms: universal manhood suffrage, annual election of the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of property qualifications for members of the House of Commons, and payment of salaries to members of the House of Commons.
Term
The Communist Manifesto
Definition
Written by Karl Marx in 1848. Outlined the Marxist conception of history: class struggle between those who own the means of production (borgeoisie, the ruling class) and those who work for a living (proletariat, the working class.)
Term
corporate banks
Definition
First pioneered in Belgium. Owned by many shareholders, large and small. Usually worked in collaboration with governments.
Term
cult of domesticity
Definition
The separation of women from the world outside the home and the creation of an insulated world of home, servants, children, and management of the family's social life.
Term
demographic transition
Definition
Middle-class children spent their time being educated, making them dependent on their parents for a longer period of time. This shift encouraged people to limit the number of children they had. Low birth rates combined with low death rates from improved hygiene and health created a fairly stable population level in most Western countries.
Term
Thomas Edison
Definition
American inventor; invented the lightbulb.
Term
laissez-faire
Definition
Economic policy favored by Adam Smith; no government control over the economy.
Term
Luddites
Definition
Skilled craftsmen in the Midlands and northern England. In 1812, physically attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods. Claimed to be led by the mythical General Ned Ludd.
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
The most radical of the socialists; a German theorist who believed that the working classes should revolt.
Term
Panama Canal
Definition
Completed in 1914. Gave Europeans another route to reach eastern Asia, and allowed the American navy to travel between the east and west coasts of the United States.
Term
proletariat
Definition
Urban factory workers dependent on the factory owners for their livelihood.
Term
Second Industrial Revolution
Definition
Took place in the second half of the 19th century. (1800s.) A significant increase in production spurred by new products and methods of manufacture.
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
Wrote The Wealth of Nations, which advocated capitalism and the law of supply and demand, in 1776.
Term
socialism
Definition
An ideology which sought to combat the economic inequalities that industrialization had brought.
Term
Suez Canal
Definition
Completed in 1869. Joint project of England and France that allowed both countries to more quickly reach their colonial posessions in Asia.
Term
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Definition
Spanned the distance from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Made it possible to access the coal and iron resources in Siberia and also provided a transportation link between western Europe and eastern Asia.
Term
utopian socialism
Definition
Tried to set up ideal communities based on political, social, and economic equality. Advocates of this ideology included Charles Fourier and Robert Owen.
Term
The Wealth of Nations
Definition
Written by Adam Smith in 1776. Advocated capitalism and the law of supply and demand.
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