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AP Euro 14
Chapter 14 terms
43
History
11th Grade
11/30/2008

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Term
Christopher Columbus
Definition
(1451-1506). Funded by Portuguese (Isabella and Ferdinand) to find the “lands of the Great Kahn”. Wanted to find gold, subjugate Indians, propogate Christianity.
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
Global movement of people, animals, plants, and goods following European explorations
Term
Treaty of Tordesillas
Definition
1492, negotiated by Pope Alexander VI to head off looming conflicts between the Spanish and Portuguese
Term
Bartolome de las Casas
Definition
Spanish Dominican Priest, emigrated to Hispaniola, opposed Spanish colonism.
Term
Hernan Cortes
Definition
Conquered Tenochtitlan and decimated Aztecs. Added Mexico (New Spain) to Spanish Empire.
Term
Aztecs
Definition
Group indigenous to Mexico. Wiped out by Spanish conquest led by Hernan Cortes in 16th century.
Term
Johannes Gutenberg
Definition
Created first printing press, German. 1440s, made Frankfurt international meeting place for printers and booksellers.
Term
Christian humanism
Definition
Combination of Christianity and Humanism; idea that both can exist because individuality and person freedom are part of Christian values. Usually young, educated clerics funded by merchants.
Term
Desiderius Erasmus (In Praise of Folly)
Definition
Dutch Northern Renaissance humanist, believed individuals could reform themselves and society through education and Christendom would flourish with charity and good works, not empty ceremonies. In Praise of Folly was a satirical attack on Christian customs.
Term
Thomas More (Utopia)
Definition
English humanist/scholar. Supported Henry VIII but was exected when he refused to subscribe to Henry VIII’s version of Protestant Reformation. Wrote Utopia about a land where everyone worked equally and everything was communal; no money or property.
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
Catholic who wrote “95 Thesis” to improve Catholic Church. Gained support from other’s who opposed indulgences and believed in faith alone as a means to salvation. Resulted in Lutheran Church.
Term
Johann Tetzel
Definition
Preacher who sold indulgences to raise money for the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica, inspired “95 Theses”
Term
indulgences
Definition
full or partial remission of sins that can be purchased from Church to send someone straight to heaven.
Term
95 theses
Definition
Written by Martin Luther, 1517. Described reformations needed on the Catholic Church and led to Protestantism.
Term
Diet of Worms
Definition
Charles V called Luther to offer chance to take back his ideas. Luther chose not to and had to flee and hide.
Term
Charles V
Definition
Ruler of Holy Roman Empire and Spain, declared Roman Catholicism only religion, caused princes to protest.
Term
John Calvin
Definition
gifted humanist from France, believed in predestination, causing followers to be very disciplined.
Term
predestination
Definition
idea that God determined, before anyone was born, who would go to hell and who would be the “elect” group to reach salvation.
Term
Geneva
Definition
city in Switzerland that served as a base for Calvinism.
Term
Michael Servetus
Definition
humanist, burnt at the stake as a “heretic” by Calvinists because he did not believe in the Holy Trinity.
Term
Huldrych Zwingli
Definition
Preacher from Zurich. Questioned fasting, clerical celibacy, Catholic Church Hierarchy. Disagreed with Luther about Eucharist- thought it was just a symbol.
Term
Eucharist
Definition
Christian ceremony where bread and wine are consecrated and consumed. Luther believed in transubstantiation, Zwingli thought it was symbolic and Calvin believed both.
Term
Henry VIII
Definition
opposed Reformation at first, then wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon and created Anglicanism, thus severing ties between English church and Rome.
Term
Act of Supremacy
Definition
1534- made Henry VIII head of Anglican church.
Term
Elizabeth I
Definition
Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Succeeded Mary Queen of Scots and restored Protestant momentum in England
Term
Peasants' War
Definition
Peasants didn’t want to pay taxes to both their lord and Catholic church. Joined with urban workers in Germany. 100,000 rebels killed, revolt opposed by Luther. German princes came out victorious.
Term
Anabaptists
Definition
mostly pacifists who believed in peace and salvation, thought faith comes only to those with reason and free will. Opposed infant baptizing.
Movement Failed
Term
Vulgate
Definition
Official Latin version of Bible
Term
Council of Trent
Definition
convened by Pope Paul III, start of Catholic Reformation. Stated that salvation depended on good works and faith, transubstantiation, clerical authority over laity, can’t challenge Church interpretation of Bible, indulgences legitimate. Made Protestant and Catholic schism permanent.
Term
"Good Works"
Definition
belief that how you live and whether you do good deeds leads to salvation. Believed by Catholics.
Term
"faith alone"
Definition
Protestant belief that salvation comes just from believing in God.
Term
Jesuits
Definition
Defended papal authority. Established colleges, taught future Catholic leaders, brought Roman Catholicism to Africans, Asians, Native Americans.
Term
Ignatius of Loyola
Definition
Spanish nobleman who established Jesuits.
Term
Michelangelo
Definition
Talented sculptor who created David and helped create the elegant culture of high renaissance court.
Term
Baldassare Castiglione (The Courtier)
Definition
Renaissance author, humanist. Wrote The Courtier to describe ideal court.
Term
Habsburgs
Definition
Powerful family that ruled over Spain and HRE and fought for domination of Europe against the Valois family.
Term
Valois
Definition
Powerful European family, fought Habsburgs for rule.
Term
Francis I
Definition
King of France, fought at war with Charles V of Spain, supported arts.
Term
Fugger family
Definition
formed a bank that charged substantial fees, made profit and became booming enterprise to finance wars.
Term
Sulieman the Magnificent
Definition
Ruler of Ottoman Empire, helped empire reach peak in 1520s. Helped France overcome superiority of Habsburgs.
Term
John Knox
Definition
Scottish Reformer who created Presbyterian Church.
Term
Schmalkaldic League
Definition
alliance of Lutheran princes within HRE, mid 16th century.
Term
Peace of Augsburg
Definition
1555, German States recognized Lutheran church, all princes had right to determine religion of their lands
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