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| (1451-1506). Funded by Portuguese (Isabella and Ferdinand) to find the “lands of the Great Kahn”. Wanted to find gold, subjugate Indians, propogate Christianity. |
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| Global movement of people, animals, plants, and goods following European explorations |
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| 1492, negotiated by Pope Alexander VI to head off looming conflicts between the Spanish and Portuguese |
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| Spanish Dominican Priest, emigrated to Hispaniola, opposed Spanish colonism. |
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| Conquered Tenochtitlan and decimated Aztecs. Added Mexico (New Spain) to Spanish Empire. |
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| Group indigenous to Mexico. Wiped out by Spanish conquest led by Hernan Cortes in 16th century. |
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| Created first printing press, German. 1440s, made Frankfurt international meeting place for printers and booksellers. |
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| Combination of Christianity and Humanism; idea that both can exist because individuality and person freedom are part of Christian values. Usually young, educated clerics funded by merchants. |
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| Desiderius Erasmus (In Praise of Folly) |
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| Dutch Northern Renaissance humanist, believed individuals could reform themselves and society through education and Christendom would flourish with charity and good works, not empty ceremonies. In Praise of Folly was a satirical attack on Christian customs. |
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| English humanist/scholar. Supported Henry VIII but was exected when he refused to subscribe to Henry VIII’s version of Protestant Reformation. Wrote Utopia about a land where everyone worked equally and everything was communal; no money or property. |
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| Catholic who wrote “95 Thesis” to improve Catholic Church. Gained support from other’s who opposed indulgences and believed in faith alone as a means to salvation. Resulted in Lutheran Church. |
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| Preacher who sold indulgences to raise money for the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica, inspired “95 Theses” |
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| full or partial remission of sins that can be purchased from Church to send someone straight to heaven. |
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| Written by Martin Luther, 1517. Described reformations needed on the Catholic Church and led to Protestantism. |
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| Charles V called Luther to offer chance to take back his ideas. Luther chose not to and had to flee and hide. |
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| Ruler of Holy Roman Empire and Spain, declared Roman Catholicism only religion, caused princes to protest. |
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| gifted humanist from France, believed in predestination, causing followers to be very disciplined. |
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| idea that God determined, before anyone was born, who would go to hell and who would be the “elect” group to reach salvation. |
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| city in Switzerland that served as a base for Calvinism. |
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| humanist, burnt at the stake as a “heretic” by Calvinists because he did not believe in the Holy Trinity. |
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| Preacher from Zurich. Questioned fasting, clerical celibacy, Catholic Church Hierarchy. Disagreed with Luther about Eucharist- thought it was just a symbol. |
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| Christian ceremony where bread and wine are consecrated and consumed. Luther believed in transubstantiation, Zwingli thought it was symbolic and Calvin believed both. |
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| opposed Reformation at first, then wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon and created Anglicanism, thus severing ties between English church and Rome. |
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| 1534- made Henry VIII head of Anglican church. |
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| Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Succeeded Mary Queen of Scots and restored Protestant momentum in England |
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| Peasants didn’t want to pay taxes to both their lord and Catholic church. Joined with urban workers in Germany. 100,000 rebels killed, revolt opposed by Luther. German princes came out victorious. |
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mostly pacifists who believed in peace and salvation, thought faith comes only to those with reason and free will. Opposed infant baptizing.
Movement Failed |
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| Official Latin version of Bible |
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| convened by Pope Paul III, start of Catholic Reformation. Stated that salvation depended on good works and faith, transubstantiation, clerical authority over laity, can’t challenge Church interpretation of Bible, indulgences legitimate. Made Protestant and Catholic schism permanent. |
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| belief that how you live and whether you do good deeds leads to salvation. Believed by Catholics. |
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| Protestant belief that salvation comes just from believing in God. |
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| Defended papal authority. Established colleges, taught future Catholic leaders, brought Roman Catholicism to Africans, Asians, Native Americans. |
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| Spanish nobleman who established Jesuits. |
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| Talented sculptor who created David and helped create the elegant culture of high renaissance court. |
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| Baldassare Castiglione (The Courtier) |
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| Renaissance author, humanist. Wrote The Courtier to describe ideal court. |
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| Powerful family that ruled over Spain and HRE and fought for domination of Europe against the Valois family. |
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| Powerful European family, fought Habsburgs for rule. |
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| King of France, fought at war with Charles V of Spain, supported arts. |
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| formed a bank that charged substantial fees, made profit and became booming enterprise to finance wars. |
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| Ruler of Ottoman Empire, helped empire reach peak in 1520s. Helped France overcome superiority of Habsburgs. |
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| Scottish Reformer who created Presbyterian Church. |
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| alliance of Lutheran princes within HRE, mid 16th century. |
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| 1555, German States recognized Lutheran church, all princes had right to determine religion of their lands |
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