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AP Chapter 16
Transformations in europe, 1500-1750.
17
History
10th Grade
01/02/2012

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Term
Indulgence
Definition
The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.
Term
Protestant Reformation
Definition
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters" forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. 
Term
Catholic Reformation
Definition
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. 
Term
Witch-Hunt
Definition
The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 
Term
Scientific Revolution
Definition
The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. 
Term
Enlightenment
Definition
A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. 
Term
Bourgeoisie
Definition
In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. 
Term
Joint-Stock Company
Definition
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
Term
Stock Exchange
Definition
A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. 
Term
Gentury
Definition
In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. Respected for their education and expertise, these officials became a privileged group and made the government more efficient and responsive than in the past. The term gentry also denotes the class of landholding families in England below the aristocracy.
Term
Little Ice Age
Definition
A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. 
Term
Deforestation
Definition
The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. 
Term
Holy Roman Empire
Definition
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.
Term
Habsburg
Definition
A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain.
Term
English Civil War
Definition

1642-1649.

A conflict over royal versus. Parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights in 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy.

Term
Versailles
Definition
A huge palace built for French King Louis XIV south of Paris in the town of the same name. The palace symbolized the preeminence of French power and architecture in Europe and the triumph of royal authority over the French nobility.
Term
Balance of Power
Definition
The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.
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