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AP Bast Test 3
Moufasa
122
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/11/2011

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Cards

Term
Nerve I Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Olfactory, Sensory (smell), No Motor, No PS fibers.
Term
Nerve II Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Optic, Sesnory (vision), No Motor, No PS fibers.
Term
Nerve III Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? Function
Definition
Oculomotor, Not Sensory, Motor Function, PS fibers.

Function: Moves eyes
Term
Nerve IV Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers? Function
Definition
Trochlear, Not Sensory, Motor Function, No PS fibers.

Turns eye downward and laterally
Term
Nerve V Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Trigeminal, Sensory (general sensation), Motor Function, No PS fibers.

Chewing; Face & mouth touch & pain
Term
Nerve VI Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Abducens, Not Sensory, Motor Function, No PS fibers.

Turns eye laterally
Term
Nerve VII Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Facial, Sensory (Taste) has all 3.
Term
Nerve VIII Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Vestibulocochlear, Sensory (hearing and balance), Some Motor Function, No PS fibers.
Term
Nerve IX Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Glossopharyngeal, Sensory Function (taste), Motor Function, PS Fibers.
Term
Nerve X Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Vagus, Sensory (taste) Has all 3.
Term
Nerve XI Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Accessory, No sensory, Motor function, no PS fibers.

Innervates trapezius & sternocleidomastoid
Term
Nerve XII Name, Sensory, Motor, or both, and PS Fibers?
Definition
Hypoglossal, No sensory, Motor function, no PS fibers.

Tongue Movements
Term
Classification of the Nervous System
Definition
CNS - PNS

PNS - Sensory (afferent) division & Motor (efferent) division

Motor (efferent) division- Somatic NS Autonomic NS (ANS)

ANS- Sympathetic division, Parasympathetic (PS) division
Term
PS
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
Somatotopy
Definition
Mapping of the body in CNS structures
Term
Premotor Cortex Location and Function
Definition
Anterior to the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe

Controls learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature, such as playing a musical instrument or typing. Memory bank for skilled motor activity.
Term
Broca's Area Location & Function
Definition
Anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area. Present only in one hemisphere (usually the left).

Deals with speech motor functions and planning speech. Also deals with planning motor functions in general.
Term
Frontal Eye Field Location & Function
Definition
Partly in and anterior to the premotor cortex. Superior to Broca's area.

Controls voluntary movement of the eyes.
Term
4 brain areas associated with motor control
Definition
Primary Motor Cortex, Premotor Cortex, Broca's Area, Frontal Eye Field
Term
The 8 sensory areas of the brain
Definition
primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, auditory areas, olfactory complex, gustatory complex, visceral sensory area, vestibular cortex
Term
Primary Somatosensory Cortex Location & Function
Definition
Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe. Posterior to the primary motor cortex.

Receives signals from the skin, muscles, joints, and tendons. Has the ability of spatial discrimination which identifies what region is being stimulated.
Term
Somatosensory Association Complex Location & Function
Definition
Posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex.

To integrate sensory inputs such as temperature, pressure, and so forth & relay to the somatosensory cortex to produce an understanding of an object being felt: it's size, texture, and the relationship of its parts. Helps you to recognize coins or keys without looking at them.
Term
Two sensory visual area locations and functions
Definition
Primary visual (striate) cortex
Location: Posterior tip of the occipital lobe buried in the calcarine sulcus
Function: Receives visual information that originates on the retina of the eye.

Visual association area
Location: Surrounds the primary visual cortex and covers much of the occipital lobe.
Function: Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli, enabling us to recognize a flower or a person's face.
Term
Two Auditory Areas Location and Function
Definition
Primary Audio Cortex
Location: Superior margin of temporal lobe abutting the lateral sulcus.
Function: Details pitch, loudness, and location

Auditory Association Area
Location: Wernicke's area
Function: Interprets sounds as speech, music, or particular noises.
Term
Olfactory Cortex Location and Function
Definition
Location: Medial aspect of temporal lobe

Function: sense of smell and smell associations (smell memory)
Term
Gustatory Cortex Location and Function
Definition
Location: Insula deep to the temporal lobe

Function: Taste
Term
Visceral Sensory Area Location and Function
Definition
Location: Cortex of insula posterior to the gustatory cortex.

Function: conscious perception of visceral sensations. (ie: upset stomach, full bladder, and the feeling received when breath is held too long)
Term
Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex Location and Function
Definition
Location: Posterior part of the insula and adjacent parietal cortex.

Function: Balance
Term
Three Multimodal Association Areas (p. 439)
Definition
Anterior Association Area (aka prefrontal cortex), Posterior Association Area, Limbic Association Area
Term
Anterior Association Location & Function
Definition
The frontal lobe, also called prefrontal cortex.

Involved with intellect, complex learning abilities (called cognition), recall, and personality. Contains working memory necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and planning.
Term
Posterior Association Area Location & Function
Definition
Large area encompassing parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.

Plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us and our surroundings in space, and binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole. Many parts of this area are involved in written and spoken languages.
Term
Limbic Association Area Location & Function
Definition
Includes the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the hippocampus.

Part of the limbic system; provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us. Provides a sense of danger & emotion.
Term
Lateralization
Definition
The fact that each hemisphere of the brain is responsible for different tasks.
Term
Cerebral white matter
Definition
helps brain communicate with itself, consists largely of myelinated fibers.
Term
Three fiber types of cerebral white matter
Definition
Comissures, Association Fibers, Projection Fibers
Term
Comissures
Definition
connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres enabling them to function as a coordinated whole.
Term
Association Fibers (two kinds)
Definition
Connect different parts of the same hemisphere. Short a fibers connect adjacent gyri. Long a fibers are bundled into tracts and connect different cortical lobes.
Term
Projection Fibers
Definition
Either enter the cerebral cortex from lower brain or cord centers or descend from the cortex to lower areas. Sensory information and motor output travels through these fibers.
Term
Corona Radiata
Definition
Radiating Crown; fibers radiate fanlike through the cerebral white matter to the cortex.
Term
Basal Nuclei or Basal Ganglia 3 Parts
Definition
Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus
Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition
Subcortical motor centers important in initiation of skeletal muscle movements.
Term
7 Chief homeostatic roles of the pituitary gland
Definition
Autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulation of food intake, regulation of water balance and thirst, regulation of sleep-wake cycles, control of endocrine system functioning
Term
Three parts of the diencephalon
Definition
Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Term
Thalamic Nuclei
Definition
Relay stations in conduction of sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation, and impulses to and from cerebral motor cortex and lower (subcortical) motor centers, including cerebellum. The thalamus is also involved in memory processing.
Term
Thalamus Location & Function
Definition
Forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle. Center of the brain.

The relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex.
Term
Hypothalamus Location & Function (8)
Definition
Sits just on top of the midbrain.

The main visceral control center of the body. Homeostatic roles include: Autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulation of food intake, regulation of water balance and thirst, regulation of sleep-wake cycles, control of system functioning.

Part of the limbic system.
Term
Epithalamus Location & Function
Definition
Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon and forms the roof of the third ventricle.

Functions the same as the thalamus.
Term
Pineal Gland Location & Function
Definition
Extends from the epithalamus, secretes the hormone melatonin.
Term
Midbrain 2 Parts & 3 Functions
Definition
Pain suppression and fight of flight response, conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers.

Superior colliculi-visual reflex centers coordinate head eye movements, track moving objects

Inferior colliculi-auditory relay, startle reflex
Term
Pons Function
Definition
White matter between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. Has respiratory nuclei that cooperate with the medullary respiratory centers to control respiratory rate and depth.
Term
Medulla Oblongata Location & Function
Definition
Inferior most part of the brain stem, blends imperceptibly into the spinal cord.

Where the crossover of brain function occurs.

Conduction pathway between higher brain centers and spinal cod, and site of decussation of the pyrimidal tracts.
Has visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing, etc.
Term
Limbic System Brief Definition
Definition
A functional system involving cerebral and diencephalon structures that mediates emotional response; also involved in memory processing.
Term
Cerebellum Function
Definition
Processes information from cerebral motor cortex and from proprioceptors and visual and equilibruim pathways, and provides instruction" to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers that result in proper balance and posture and smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements.
Term
Limbic System Location & Two important parts & functions (hippocampus role of limbic system)
Definition
A group of structures located on the medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon.

Amygdala- Recognizes angry and fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits the fear response. Also along with the hippocampus play a role in memory.

Cingulate Gyrus- plays a role in expressing our emotions through gestures and in resolving mental conflicts when we are frustrated.
Term
The Reticular Formation
Definition
Composed of loosely clustered neurons in what is otherwise white matter. Forms three broad columns midline 'Raphe nuclei', lateral 'medial (large cell) group', and the 'lateral (small cell) group' of nuclei.

Neurons project throughout the brain, making it ideal for whole brain arousal.
Term
Reticular Activating System
Definition
Has synapses with all of the great ascending sensory tracts. Filters 99% of sensations to prevent sensation overload. Deals largely with wakefulness.
Term
Dorsal Alar Plate & Ventral Basal Plate
Definition
Alar Plate Neuroblasts become interneurons. Axons emerge form white matter of spinal cord.

Basal Plate Neuroblasts develop into motor neurons and sprout axons that grow out the effector organs.
Term
Division of spinal horn responsibilities
Definition
Dorsal- Sensory Input

Lateral- Autonomic motor function, meets up with ventral root

Ventral- Motor Function
Term
First-order Neurons
Definition
Cell bodies reside in ganglia. Conduct impulses from cutaneous receptors where they synapse with second order neurons.
Term
Second Order Neurons
Definition
Reside in dorsal horn. Transmit impulses to the thalamus or the cerebellum where they synapse.
Term
Third-Order Neurons
Definition
Cell bodies in the thalamus. Relay impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum.
Term
5 Major Ascending (Sensory) Pathways and Spinal Cord Tracts
Definition
Fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis (dorsal white column

Lateral Spinothalamic

Ventral spinothalamic

From the lower limbs and trunk only:
Dorsal spinocerebellar

ventral spinocerebellar
Term
6 Major Descending (motor) pathways and spinal cord tracts
Definition
Direct (pyramidal):
Lateral corticospinal

Ventral Corticospinal

Indirect (Extrapyramidal):
Tectospinal

Vestibulospinal

Rubrospinal

Reticulospinal
Term
Fasciculus Cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis (6)
Definition
Ascending Dorsal; first order

syanpse with second order neurons in medulla, cross over and ascend to thalamus synapse with third order, thalamus transmits to somatosensory cortex

both transmit sensory imp from general sensory receptors of skin and proprioceptors; cutaneous from upper limbs, upper trunk, and neck. Gracilis from lower limbs and inferior body trunk
Term
Lateral spinothalamic (4)
Definition
Ascending; second order internerons

decuss before ascending, synapse with third, thalamus to somatosensory

imp concerned with pain and temperature to opposite side of brain for interpretation by somatosensory cortex
Term
ventral spinothalamic (3)
Definition
second order internurons

ascend without crossing, syanpse with third order, thalamus to somatosensory cortex

transmits impulses concerned with crude touch and pressure to opposite side of brain
Term
Dorsal spinocerebellar (4)
Definition
ascending dorsal lateral; second order neurons; ascensions without crossing, synapse in cerebellum



imp from trunk and lower limb proprioceptors on one side of the body to the same side of the cerebellum for subconscious procioception
Term
Ventral spinocerebellar (4)
Definition
ascending lateral ventral; interneurons second order of dorsal horn; fibers cross, synapse in cerebellum

imp from the trunk and lower limb on the same side of the body to cerebellum for subconscious proprioception
Term
Lateral corticospinal (5)
Definition
direct lateral descending; pyrimidal neurons of motor cortex of the cerebrum; decussate in medulla

terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly

imp from cerebrum to spinal cord somatic motor neurons; voluntary
Term
Ventral corticospinal (5)
Definition
direct ventral descending

neurons of motor cortex; fibers decussate at spinal cord

terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly

imp from cerebrum to spinal cord somatic motor neurons; voluntary
Term
Tectospinal (4)
Definition
indirect ventral descending

originate and decussate at superior colliculus

terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly

turns neck so eyes can follow a moving object
Term
vestibulospinal (4)
Definition
ventral descending indirect

originate in vestibular nuclei in medulla; no decussatation

terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly

imp maintain muscle tone and activate ipsilateral limb and trunk extensor muscles and muscles that move head; helps maintain balance through these actions
Term
Rubrospinal (4)
Definition
ventral indirect descending

originates in red nucleus of midbrain

terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly

(uncertain) transmits motor impulses concerned with muscle tone of distal limb muscles on opposite side of body
Term
Reticulospinal (ventral, medial, and lateral)
Definition
indirect descending

originates in the reticular formation, both cross and uncrossed fibers

terminate with horn interneurons that influence motor neurons and occasionally with ventral horn motor neurons directly

imp concerned with muscle tone and many visceral motor functions. May control most unskilled movements
Term
Practice drawing figure 12.33 on p. 471 (14 dif structures)
Definition
-
Term
Classification of Nerve types by stimulus (5)
Definition
Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors-respond to damage resulting in pain
Term
Classification of receptors by location (3)
Definition
Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors-found solely in skeletal muscles & measure movement
Term
List the structures of a nerve (8)
Definition
Axon, Nerve Fiber, Myelin Sheath, Endoneurium, Perineurium, Fascicle, Blood Vessels, Epineurium
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
Covering of a Nerve Fiber
Term
Perineurium
Definition
Covering of a bunch of nerve fibers or fascicle
Term
Fascicle
Definition
A bunch of nerve fibers enclosed in a perineurium
Term
Epineurium
Definition
Covering of a bunch of fascicles
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
Thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber (inside of endoneurium)
Term
Plexus
Definition
Networks of spinal nerves in which fibers recombine into groups of fibers that form peripheral nerves and innervate the same area.
Term
Nerves that constitute the Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, and Sacral Plexuses
Definition
Cervical (C1-C4)

Brachial (C5-C8 and T1)

Lumbar (L1-L4)

Sacral (L4-S4)
Term
Four specific functions of ATP in muscle contraction and relaxation
Definition
ATP hydrolysis phosphorylates myosin to shift the heads to a high energy state and thereby provides the energy for actin to slide when it binds to myosin and releases the energy in the myosin head.

ATP binding to myosin reduces the affinity of myosin for actin and allows detachment of the crossbridge for relaxation.

ATP powers the calcium pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and allows muscle relaxation.

ATP powers the sodium/potassium pump that maintains the gradients and is necessary to maintain the resting membrane potential in the muscle
Term
Seven Nerves of the Cervical Plexus
Definition
Lesser Optical, Greater Optical, Transverse cervical, supraclaviculuar, Ansa cervicalis, segmental and other muscular branches
Term
10 nerves of brachial plexus
Definition
musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial, axillary, dorsal scapular, long thoracic, subscapular, suprascapular, pectoral (later and medial)
Term
6 Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus
Definition
Femoral, Obturator, Lateral femor acutaneous, Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Genitofemoral
Term
6 Nerves of the Sacral Plexus (7)
Definition
Sciatic Nerve- Tibial and Common Fibular

Superior Gluteal, Inferior Gluteal, Posterior femoral cutaneous, pudendal
Term
What are the 7 types of autonomic receptors?
Definition
Acetylcholine receptors (Cholinergic): Nicotenic, Muscarinic

Norepinephrine (and epinephrine) (Adrenergic): Beta-1, B-2, B-3, a-1, a-2
Term
Nicotinic Receptors Location and Effect (2)
Definition
All ganglionic neurons; adrenal medullary cells (also neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle); Excitatory
Term
Muscarinic Receptors Location and Effect (6)
Definition
All parasympathetic target organs; excitation in most cases; inhibition of cardiac muscle

limited sypmathetic targets: activate eccrine sweat glands, vasodilate blood vessels in skeletal muscles
Term
B-1 Receptor Location and Effect (4)
Definition
Heart predominantly, but also kidneys and adipose tissue

increase heart rate and strenght; stimulates renin release by kidneys
Term
B-2 Receptor Location and Effect (4)
Definition
Lungs and most other sympathetic target organs; abundant on blood vessels serving the heart, liver, and skeletal muscle

effects mostly inhibitory; dilates blood vessels and bronchioles; relaxes smooth muscle walls of digestive and urinary visceral organs; relaxes uterus
Term
B-3 Receptors Location and Effect (2)
Definition
Adipose tissue, stimulates lipolysis
Term
a-1 Receptors Location and Effect (7)
Definition
Most importantly blood vessels serving the skin, mucosae, abdominal viscera, kidneys, and salivary glands; also, virtually all sympathetic target organs except heart

constricts blood vessels and visceral organ sphincters; dilates pupils of the eyes
Term
a-2 (6)
Definition
Membrane of andrenergic axon terminals; pancreas; blood platelets

inhibits NE release from andrenergic terminals; inhibits insulin secretion by pancreas; promotes blood clotting
Term
Four Muscle Functions:
Definition
Movement, Maintains Posture, Stabilizes Joints, Generates Heat, (& more)
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Plasma membrane of a muscle cell
Term
Breakdown of muscle components from large to small
Definition
Epimysium, fascicle, perimysium, muscle fiber (cell), myofibril or fibril, sarcomere (segment of myofibril), actin (thin) & myosin (thick)
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
Somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates (on average, 150) and all contract in unison. A motor unit may consist of <10 or > 1000 muscle fibers.
Term
Troponin

vs

Tropomyosin
Definition
When calcium ions bind to troponin, it undergoes a change in shape; this conformational change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, and muscle contraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin.

When a skeletal muscle fiber is relaxed, tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, thereby preventing myosin from binding to actin.
Term
6 steps of the contraction cycle
Definition
1. ATP binds to myosin heads

2. ATP is hydrolyzed (split) by myosin ATPase.

3. Myosin binds to specific sites on actin

4. ADP and Pi dissociate from myosin causing a change in conformation

5. Myosin pulls actin towards the center of the sarcomere

6. ATP binds to myosin promoting actin release
Term
Z Disc
Definition
Narrow, plate-shaped region of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next.
Term
M Line
Definition
A region in the center of the H zone that contains proteins that hold the thick filaments together at the center of the sarcomere.
Term
I-band
Definition
The lighter, less dense area of the sarcomere that contains the rest of the thin filaments but no thick filaments.
Term
H-zone
Definition
A narrow region in the center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments.
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
Undifferentiated and allow repair
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
An increase in actin and myosin
Term
Origin of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers (2)
Definition
symp thoracolumbar

para craniosacral
Term
Para and Symp location of ganglia
Definition
Symp: ganglia are close to the CNS (example sympathetic chain ganglion)

Parasympathetic: ganglia close to or within effector
Term
Generally what type of NTs do the para and sympathetic n. systems use?
Definition
Both divisions use acetylcholine that binds to nicotinic receptors at the ganglion synapse

Sympathetic: Generally Norepinephrine at the effector synapse; Binds to Alpha and Beta receptors
Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine at the effector synapse; Binds to Muscarinic Receptors
Term
6 steps of excitation-contraction coupling
Definition
1. Action potential in motor neuron; release of Acetycholine (ACh)

2. ACh binds to the sarcolemma (cell membrane)

3. Binding initiates an action potential in sarcolemma

4. Action potential is propagated down the transverse tubules stimulating release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

5. Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) binds to troponin, causing a change in conformation

6. Troponin causes tropomyosin to change position in the actin filament exposing myosin binding sites
Term
4 Steps of Relaxation
Definition
1. Cessation of action potentials; degradation of ACh by cholinesterase

2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum actively accumulates Ca2+

3. Tropomyosin returns to the inhibitory position

4. Actin and myosin filaments slide apart
Term
Muscle Refractory Period
Definition
Very short in skeletal muscle; period after a contraction during which the muscle fiber is unresponsive to stimulation. The short refractory period allows the muscle to generate action potentials while it is contracting.
Term
5 Factors that affect the force of muscle contraction
Definition
1. Number of motor units activated.

2. Thickness of each fiber due to: Hypertrophy or Atrophy

3. Tetanic contractions are more forceful than twitches (Figure 9.15)

4. Warmup effect (treppe): the phenomenon by which twitches in a previously inactive muscle increase in amplitude with successive stimuli

5. The initial length (stretch) of the muscle fibers
Term
5 Features of slow-twitch (red) oxidative fibers
Definition
contract relatively slowly
Good blood supply, high myoglobin concentration, lots of mitochondria, adapted for aerobic activity, cells are relatively smaller in diameter
Term
A-Bands
Definition
Alternate with I-bands
Term
5 Factors of Fast twitch (white) fibers
Definition
Contract rapidly, fewer blood vessels,
less myoglobin/mitochondria, adapted for anaerobic activity, cells are intermediate in diameter
Term
4 Factors of intermediate fibers (fast oxidative)
Definition
Contract rapidly, adapted for aerobic activity, intermediate numbers of mitochondria and amount of myoglobin, intermediate in size
Term
Effects of Muscle Training (5)
Definition
endurance training: trains primarily slow oxidative and fast oxidative fibers

increases aerobic capacity by increasing the number of blood capillaries, mitochondria, and amount of myoglobin ( but has little effect on muscle size)

strength training: trains primarily fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibers

causes hypertrophy of muscle fibers by increasing the size and number of myofibrils

the biochemical changes that occur improve the ability of the cells to work anaerobically
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