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AP 2
Endocrine System
58
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/25/2017

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Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Responsible for the hormones that keep the body in homeostasis
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
Release hormones and the body travels through blood to target cells.
Term
Pancreatic Secretions
Definition
Act locally & affect only neighboring cells
Term
Autoimmune Secretions
Definition
Affect only the cell that is secreting
Term
Endocrine Secretions
Definition
The secretions aid in regulating metabolism, chemical reactions, water & electrolyte balance, blood pressure, reproduction, development, and growth
Term
Endocrine vs Exocrine
Definition
Endocrine Glands are ductless, Exocrine has ducts
Term
Endocrine compared to Nervous System
Definition
Nervous System is very quick.
Endocrine system is slower and releases hormones into the bloodstream. It only targets cells of hormone response
Term
Major Endocrine Glands
Definition
Hypothalamus(head),Pituitary(Head),Pineal(Head), Thyroid(Throat), Parathyroid(Behind Thyroid), Thymus(Above Heart), Adrenal(Upper Kidneys), Pancreas(Abdominal Cavity), Ovaries, Testes
Term
Steroid Hormones
Definition
Lipid Base, Contain Carbon & Hydrogen, Derived from Cholesterol

Examples: Estrogen, Testosterone, Aldosterone
Term
Chemistry of Steroid Hormone
Definition
Only a small quantity is needed to promote a change
Term
Non-Steroid Hormones
Definition
Amines: derived from Amino Acid Tyrosine
Example: Norepinphrine & Epi

Protein Hormones: chains of Amino Acid
Example: Parathyroid Hormone

Peptide Hormones: Short Amino Acid Chains(Oxytocin)

Prostaglandins: produced in liver, kidneys, and heart.
Term
Chemistry of Non-Steroid Hormones
Definition
Amines, Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acid Base, Vary in Size, Most Hormones
Term
Receptors
Definition
# of receptors on target tissue can change.
Up-Regulation:increase # of receptors
Down-Regulation: decrease # of receptors
Term
Control of Hormone Secretions
Definition
Hormone life is measured in half-life, excretion happens in urine, or can be broken down in liver, regulated by the hypothalamus
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Secretes releasing hormones that either stim/inhibit release of hormones by the pituitary gland.
Secrets Oxytocin & Antidiuretic Hormone to be stored in the Neurohypophysis.
Secretes,but can't store pituitary is responsible for storage
Term
Hypothalamic Hormones
Definition
Has two hormones too control Pituitary to stop and go
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
Attached to the Hypothalamus by infundibulum, Located in Sphenoid Bone
Term
Adenohypophysis
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Term
Neurohypophysis
Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Term
Pituitary Gland Control
Definition
Hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulates the cells of the Adenohypophysis to release hormones. Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus stims nerve endings in Neurohypophysis to release hormones.
Term
Renin- Agiotensin System
Definition
Juxtaglomerular cells in Kidney respond to changes in BP & Sodium concentrations. If levels drop, cells release Renin. It reacts with Angio Tensinogen, a blood protein, and releases angiotensin. ACE converts it from I to II. Angio II travels in the blood to the Adrenal Cortex where it stims release of Aldosterone(Brings up BP)
Term
Actions of Non-Steriod Hormones
Definition
Hormone binds to receptor on the cell and ATP converts to cAMP. cAMP promotes a series of chain reactions leading to cellular change.
Term
Actions of Steroid Hormones
Definition
Hormones crosses membranes, hormones combine with receptors in the nucleus, synthesis of mRNA activated, mRNA enters cytoplasm to direct synthesis of protein
Term
Adrenal Cortex
Definition
Synthesizes more than 30 different steroids. ONLY secretes steroids. Makes Aldosterone, Cortisol, & Sex Hormones
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
Synthesized in outer Zone Glomerulosa,
Responsible for mineralcorticoids: helps regulate mineral electrolytes and causes kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
Control of Aldosterone levels in linked to the Renin- Angiotensin System.
Term
Cortisol(hydrocortisone)
Definition
Stress hormone. Produced in the Zona Fasciculata. It inhibits protein synthesis in various areas to keep amino acids in blood. Promotes breakdown of fats to fatty acids & glycerol in order to use Fatty Acids. It also stimulates cells of the liver to produce glucose using amino acids & glycerol in order to increase blood glucose levels
Term
Adrenal Medulla
Definition
Secrete catecholamines(epi & non-epi), Both receptors stimulates beta and alpha receptors. Impulses for release of hormones comes farom hypothalamus in stress stimulation
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Both endo & exo functions. Exocrine functions: for digestions. Endocrine functions: islet of langerhons. Alpha cells= secrete glucagon. Beta Cells= secrete insulin. Delta Cells= secrete somatostatin
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
Secretes melatonin synthesized for serotonin. When in light, impulses from the eye go to the hypothalamus to the reticular foramen, to the spinal cord, and finally the pineal gland. It regulated circcidian rhythms.
Term
Neurohypophysis Hormones
Definition
Antidiuretic(makes you not pee), Causes kidneys to reduce h2o excretions, makes BP raise.

Oxytocin(Bonding Hormone) contracts muscle in uterine wall, contracts milk associated with milk secretions
Term
Adenohypophysis-Adrenocorticotropic
Definition
Controls Secretion of certain hormones from the adrenal cortex
Term
Adenohypophysis- Growth Hormone
Definition
Stimulation increase in size and rate o division of cells(mitosis), promotes bone growth allows a single cell to grow
Term
Adenohypophysis- Prolactin Hormone
Definition
Sustains milk production after birth. Amplifies effect of LH in males
Term
Adenohypophysis- Thyroid Stimulating
Definition
Controls secretion of hormones from thyroid
Term
Adenohypophysis- Follicle Stimulating
Definition
Development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries. Simulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen. In males, it stimulates production of sperm cells & testosterone. Follicles can also be found in the thyroid.
Term
Adenohypophysis- Luteinizing
Definition
Promotes secretion of sex hormones & prolacting sperm. Release of egg cells in females(ovulation)
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
Butterfly (H) shaped. Made of follicles. Colloids are where the follicle fluid is stored. Secretes or stores hormones in the colloid.
Term
Throxine(T4) & Triidothronine(T3)
Definition
Affect cellular metabolic rates(regulations, basal metabolic rate, this is essential for normal growth & maturation of the nervous system. Require iodine to build the hormone. TSH controls its hormone levels
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
Stimulates osteoblast when blood calcium levels are too high
Term
Disorders of Thyroid Gland
Definition
Hyperthyroidism= high metabolic rates, restlessness, hyperactivity, weight loss.
Term
Graves Disease
Definition
a result of hyperthyroidism. it is an autoimmune disorder
Term
Disorders of Thyroid Gland
Definition
Hypothyroidism(slow metabolism)
Cretinism: occurs in infants. Stunted growth, abnormal bone function, mental retardation, low body temps result fromt this disease.

Myxedema: low metabolic rate. people become sluggish and have poor appetite.
Term
Goiter
Definition
Iodine deficiency in thyroid hormones t3 & t4. Pituitary will constantly send tsh to body. Thyroid will over stimulate and enlargens.
Term
Parathyroid Hormone
Definition
Stimulates bone reabsorptions by osteoclast, inhibits activity of osteoblasts causes kidneys to conserve calcium and excrete phosphate, increases blood calcium levels decrease blood phosphate levels
Term
Parathyroid Gland Disorders
Definition
Hyperparathyroidism: nervous system becomes depressed, fatigues and weakness, osteoclasts are over working.

Hypoparathyroidism: Nervous system becomes excited, muscle cramps & seizures, decreased PTh reduces osteoclast activity
Term
Hypothalamus- Pituitary- Thyroid Negative Feed Back Mechanism
Definition
1.) stimulation 2.)tropic hormone from hypothalamus secretes 3.) pituitary increases TSH 4.) thyroid increases t3&t4 5.) targets where metabolism must be 6>) high t3&t4 inhibit hormones, stop production

Example; high calcium by ingestion, stimulates calcitonin, osteoblasts are stimulated for bone growth and absorb in blood. calcium levels decrese
Term
Responses to Stress
Definition
Stress from environmental change goes to the hypothalamus, from here sympathetic impulses are releases and sent to the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla then releases epi and non-epi. OR the hypothalamus can release CRH, then goes to the anterior pituitary for it to tell the adrenal cortex to release cortisol for long term adjustments.
Term
Reproductive Glands
Definition
Ovaries: produces estrogen & progesterone
Placenta: Produces estrogen, progesterone, & gonadotropin

Testes: produces testosterone
Term
Chronic Stress
Definition
Brain only runs on glucose. When there is stress glucose becomes inhibited. Cortisol is released and stores glucose for the brain to use only. The body then only runs on fats and proteins when this happens.
Term
Stress
Definition
Increases activity in the sympathetic nervous system, increase secretions of adrenal hormones.

Physical Stress: threatens health of tissues

Physiological Stress: thoughts about damange, loss, social interactions & feelings
Term
Sex hormones
Definition
Produced in Zona Reticularis (inner adrenal glands), synthesized as male androgens & are then converted to female androgens if appropriate, produced in addition to those hormones synthesized in the gonads
Term
Thymus
Definition
Large in Children but shrinks with age, produces thymosins which affects production & differentiation of some WBC, helps develop the immune system, adults white blood cells are T Cells
Term
Insulin
Definition
Stimulation of the liver to form glycogen, aids in facilitated diffusion of glucose molecules from blood into cells, increasing protein synthesis, stimulation of adipose cells to synthesize and store fat

Decreases BS levels
Term
Glucagon
Definition
Stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose to raise BS levels, encourages conversion of amino acids into glucose stimulates the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol so fatty acids can be used as glucose. Increase BS levels.
Term
Type II Diabetes
Definition
No insulin, controllable with diet and exercise
Term
Diabetes Mellitus; Type I
Definition
Type I diabetes or Insulin= dependent diabetes, autoimmune=white blood cells attack beta cells, lack of insulin, glucose stays in blood raising, kidneys then excrete the extra glucose but need water as a solvent. This leads to dehydration and thirst
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
If untreated; tissues will die, you lose weight, and fatty acids and ketones build.
Term
Type III Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
Gestational(pregnancy) is when it is developed. It goes away after birth of the child but the mother becomes at risk for Type II.
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