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Ap 2 Chp 16
Chapter 16
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/28/2012

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Term
– Sensation refers to
Definition
conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli
Term
– Perception refers to
Definition
conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations (interprets what sensation means)
Term
– Projection
Definition
brain refers sensations to their point of stimulation
Term
– Adaptation
Definition
decrease in perception of sensation over time while the stimulus is still present; may be rapidly adapting (touch, smell) or slowly adapting (pain, body position)
Term
– Afterimages
Definition
persistence of sensations even though stimulus has been removed (look at something bright\close your eyes\still see it)
Term
– Modality
Definition
- specific sensation felt (pain, pressure, touch, etc.)
Term
– Stimulation -
Definition
change in environment capable of activating certain sensory neurons
Term
– Transduction
Definition
receptor or sense organ must respond to stimulus and transduce (convert) it to a generator potential
Term
– Conduction (generation of impulses)
Definition
when generator potential reaches threshold it elicits nerve impulse conducted to CNS (first-order neuron)
Term
– Translation (integration of sensory input)
Definition
region of CNS (cerebral cortex) must translate nerve impulse into sensation (Interprets sensation)
Term
– Exteroceptors
Definition
inform about external environment
Term
– Interoceptors (Visceroceptors)
Definition
inform about internal environment
Term
– Proprioceptors
Definition
- inform about body position, muscle tension, and position and movement of joints
Term
– Mechanoreceptors
Definition
detect mechanical disturbances (touch, pressure, hearing, equilibrium)
Term
– Thermoreceptors
Definition
- detect changes in temperature
Term
– Nociceptors
Definition
- detect pain, usually as result of physical or chemical damage to tissues
Term
– Electromagnetic (photo) receptors
Definition
- detect light on retina of eye
Term
– Chemoreceptors
Definition
detect chemical changes (smell, taste, etc.)
Term
– Osmoreceptors
Definition
Water detection, detect osmotic pressure of body fluids
Term
– Free nerve endings
Definition
bare dendrites with no structural specializations (ex. Pain receptors, temperature receptors-tickle and itch-FREE NERVE ENDINGS!) pg 608
Term
– Encapsulated nerve endings
Definition
dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule (ex. For pressure. Vibrations)
Term
– Specialized separate cells
Definition
cells of special senses that synapse with first-order sensory neuron
Term
– Simple receptors are
Definition
associated with general senses (touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain)
Term
– Complex receptors are
Definition
associated with special senses (smell, taste, vision, hearing)
Term
Two types of graded potentials!
Definition
• Generator Potentials and Receptor Potentials
Term
• Generator potentials
Definition
trigger action potentials; includes olfactory receptors and most general sensory receptors (free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings)
Term
• Receptor potential
Definition
causes exocytosis of synaptic vescicles; produces PSP; includes receptors of special senses
Term
– Generator potential is always a
Definition
depolarization
Term
• Receptor potential may be
Definition
be either depolarization or hyperpolarization
Term
– If GP is large enough to reach threshold
Definition
, it generates a nerve impulse (stimulus is converted into GP and then into nerve impulse)
Term
– RP directly regulates
Definition
exocytosis of synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter
Term
– Receptor Potential directly regulates
Definition
exocytosis of synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter
Term
• Touch
Definition
- receptors in skin or beneath skin
Term
• Crude touch
Definition
ability to perceive that something has contacted the skin; exact location, shape, size, texture is undetermined
Term
• Discriminative touch
Definition
specific information--where touch occurred and size, shape, texture of source
Term
• Root hair plexuses
Definition
found around roots of hairs, tell if hair is moved. Fast adapting
Term
• Corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles)
Definition
most numerous on fingertips, palms of hand, soles of feet; discriminitive touch. Fast adapting
Term
• Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors [tactile (Merkel) discs]
Definition
Slow adapting:receptors for touch and discriminative touch
Term
• Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors (end organs of Ruffini or Ruffini corpuscles)
Definition
Slowly adapting detect heavy and continuous touch sensations; sensitive to stretching as digits or limbs are moved
Term
– Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles detect
Definition
pressure; – Much deeper and longer lasting than touch sensations
Term
• Vibration
Definition
result from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors
Term
• Vibration
Definition
result from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors
Term
– Itch
Definition
stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals, such as bradykinin, sometimes as result of inflammatory response
Term
– Tickle
Definition
not totally understood, but usually cannot be self-initiated
Term
– Cold receptors located in
Definition
statum basale of epidermis (Feel cold before warm!)
Term
– Warm receptors are located
Definition
in dermis
Term
• Pain sensations
Definition
• Branching ends of dendrites of nociceptors (free nerve endings)
Term
• Somatic pain
Definition
arises from stimulation of receptors in skin and other structures; may be superficial (skin) or deep (skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia) (ex. You cut yourself)
Term
• Visceral pain
Definition
- stimulation of receptors in viscera (pain with internal organs. Pain in viscera referred to surface of the body)
Term
• Referred pain
Definition
feeling of pain in surface area far from stimulated organ
Term
• Phantom limb sensation
Definition
sensations felt in amputated limb (ex. Amputated foot-that’s gone, but yo still feel pain der.)
Term
• Proprioceptive (kinesthetic) sensations
Definition
• Awareness of activities of muscles, tendons, and joints and of equilibrium
Term
• Joint kinesthetic receptors
Definition
located in capsules of joints and ligaments about joints; respond to pressure, acceleration and deceleration and reflex inhibition
Term
• Muscle spindles
Definition
monitors changes in length of skeletal muscle; 3-10 specialized muscle fibers called intrafusal muscle fibers
Term
– Type Ia fibers
Definition
large diameter, rapidly conducting sensory fibers; send impulses when muscle stretched (Away from sensory)
Term
– Type II fibers
Definition
smaller diameter sensory fibers stimulated when spindle is stretched (towards sensory)
Term
– Gamma motor (efferent) neurons
Definition
stimulate contraction of muscle
Term
– Alpha motor (efferent) neurons
Definition
innervate extrafusal muscle fibers
Term
• Tendon organs (Golgi tendon organs)
Definition
sense tension applied to a tendon; monitor force of contraction of each muscle
Term
• Impulses reaching sensory areas of cortex travel over
Definition
3 pools of sensory neurons
Term
– First-order neuron
Definition
connects receptor with spinal cord and medulla on same side of body
Term
– Second-order neuron
Definition
conducts from medulla to thalamus - axon decussates; so one side of brain registers mainly sensations for opposite side of body
Term
– Third-order neuron
Definition
conducts from thalamus to somesthetic sensory area of cerebral cortex
Term
• Lateral spinothalamic pathway
Definition
– Sensory pathway for pain and temperature
– Conducts from receptor to cord, up brain stem, to thalamus
– Thalamus has conscious recognition of pain and temperature but not localization of stimuli
– Conveyed then to somesthetic area of cerebral cortex
Term
• Anterior (ventral) spinothalamic pathway
Definition
– Conducts impulses for light touch and pressure
– Impulse conducted from thalamus to somesthetic area of cortex
Term
• Posterior column pathway
Definition
fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
Term
• Impulses carried up
Definition
fasciculus cuneatus and gracilis to medulla
Term
• Travels through medial lemniscus to
Definition
to thalamus and then to somesthetic area of cortex
Term
• Discriminitive touch
Definition
ability to recognize exact location of stimulation and make two-point discriminations
Term
• Stereognosis
Definition
ability to recognize by “feel” the size, shape, and texture of object
Term
• Proprioception
Definition
awareness of position of body parts
Term
• Weight discrimination
Definition
- ability to assess the weight of an object
Term
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Definition
uncrossed tract conveying impulses concerned with subconscious muscle and joint sense (assumes role in reflex adjustments for posture and muscle tone)
Term
• Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Definition
- conveys impulses for subconscious muscle sense; both crossed and uncrossed fibers
Term
• Motor neurons in anterior gray horns constitute
Definition
final common path for impulses to skeletal muscles (Cell bodies are in the spinal cord) [Peramital is in the middle-extraperamintal is on the sides]
Term
• These are only neurons transmitting impulses into
Definition
skeletal muscles
Term
• Impulses essential for voluntary contractions of individual muscles to
Definition
produce small discrete movements and also helps maintain muscle tone
Term
• Pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
Definition
• Dendrites and cell bodies in cortex; axons descend through internal capsule, pyramids of medulla; enter cord from pyramids; descend and synapse directly with anterior horn cells or indirectly via association neurons
Term
• Impulses essential for
Definition
voluntary contractions of individual muscles to produce small discrete movements and also helps maintain muscle tone
Term
• Extrapyramidal tracts
Definition
• Begin in basal ganglia and reticular formation of brain stem
Term
• Rubrospinal tract
Definition
- impulses to skeletal muscles concerned with muscle tone and posture
Term
• Tectospinal tract
Definition
- impulses that control movements of the head in response to visual stimuli (ex. Throwing something at you-and you duck your head)
Term
• Vestibulospinal tract
Definition
role in equilibrium
Term
• Lateral reticulospinal tract
Definition
facilitates flexor reflexes, inhibits extensor reflexes and muscle tone in muscles of axial skeleton and proximal limb
Term
• Anterior (ventral) or medial reticulospinal tract
Definition
- facilitates extensor reflexes, inhibit flexor reflexes, and increase muscle tone in muscles of axial skeleton and proximal limb
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