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AP 2 19
Hemoglobin?
74
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/01/2012

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Term
• Primary Function
• THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM -
THE BLOOD
Definition
• Transportation of various substances to and from body cells
• Exchange of materials between respiratory, digestive, and excretory organs and blood and between blood and cells
Term
• Secondary Functions
Definition
• Cellular metabolism
• Homeostasis of fluid volume
• Homeostasis of pH (hydrogen ions exchange that occur in the blood)
• Homeostasis of temperature(Blood flow to surface to get rid of heat in the body-to sweat)
• Defense against microorganisms
Term
• Blood volume
• Average volume
Definition
70 kg adult male averages 71 ml/kg of blood--about 5,000 ml total
Term
• Effect of body fat
Definition
blood volume/kg of body weight varies inversely with the amount of excess body fat (Typically have 5 Liters of bloooooddd.)
Term
Blood Composition
Definition
• Plasma - fluid, 55%
– Water (90%) (Makes up plasma)
– Plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen)
– Nutrients, wastes, regulatory substances, gases electrolytes
Term
• Cells (formed elements)
Definition
- 45% of the blood
Term
– RBC
Definition
erythrocytes
Term
wbc
Definition
leukocytes
Term
platelets
Definition
thrombocytes
Term
• Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Definition
– Biconcave disks about 7 microns in diameter with large surface-to-volume ratio (they’re thin)
Term
– RBC do not contain
Definition
ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, or other organelles (They are unique! NO NUCLEUS!!)
Term
– Numbers of RBC
Definition
5.5 million/mm3; female: 4.8 million/mm3
Term
• Erythrocytes
• Structure and functions
Definition
– Molecules of hemoglobin inside each rbc makes possible function of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
Term
• Hemoglobin molecule composed of
Definition
protein called globin (4 chains) and 4 nonprotein pigments called heme
Term
• Iron needed for each heme which
Definition
combines with oxygen
Term
– Anemia
Definition
classification according to size and hemoglobin content
Term
normocytic
Definition
7 microns
Term
macrocytic
Definition
above 8 microns
Term
, Microcytic
Definition
below 6 microns
Term
normochromic
Definition
normal 12 mg of hemoglobin
Term
hyperchromic
Definition
16-17mg of hemoglobin, Blood would be very dark red. Doesn’t typically cause problems.
Term
hypochromic
Definition
Not enough hemoglobin (A problem! Orange, yellow blood)
Term
• Anisocytosis
Definition
abonormal variation in rbc size
Term
• Poikilocytosis
Definition
abnormal variation in rbc shape (Sickle cell anemia)
Term
– Crenated cell
Definition
caused by hypertonic solution and some anticoagulants (Cell shrivels)
Term
– Target cell (codocyte)
Definition
common in iron-deficiency anemia (Feel tired)
Term
– Sickle cells
Definition
contain abnormal (HbS) hemoglobin (Inherited disorder. One amino acid different from regular. Produces major effects)
Term
– Shizocytes
Definition
cell fragments caused by trauma
Term
• Formation (erythropoiesis)
Definition
stimulated by erythropoietin produced by kidneys (1\4 of blood is in the kidneys)
Term
– Hemocytoblast
Definition
(pluripotent stem cell) (found in red bone marrow) transforms into rubriblast which gives rise to proerythroblast
Term
– Proerythroblast develops into
Definition
erythroblast (begins synthesis of hemoglobin)
Term
– Three stages of erythroblast finally leads
Definition
to reticulocyte (nucleus lost)
Term
– Reticulocyte develops
Definition
into erythrocyte
Term
• Erythrocytes (PG 733)
• Destruction
Definition
by fragmentation in capillaries
Term
– Reticuloendothelial cells (eat the debree!!) phagocytose
Definition
rbc fragments and break down hemoglobin to yield iron-containing pigment (ferritin)
Term
This leads to
Definition
bilirubin which is converted to bile; globin portion is broken down to amino acids (RBC broken down in liver and spleen)
Term
– Bone marrow reuses most of iron for
Definition
new rbc synthesis; liver excretes bile pigments
– Life span 120 days
Term
– Granular leukocytes
Definition
• Contain granules that take neutral, acid, and basic stains
• Nucleus S-shaped or lobulated
• Includes neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear(PMN) leukocytes), eosinophils, and basophils
Term
– Agranular leukocytes
Definition
• Nuclei spherical and no granules
• Includes monocytes and lymphocytes; monocytes wander out into tissues and enlarge into macrophages
Term
• Leukocytes
• Functions
Definition
defense or protection (phagocytosis, exhibit diapedesis, produce antibodies)
Term
• Leukocytes formation
Definition
– Granular leukocytes develop in red bone marrow in which a hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cell) develops into myeloblast and a promyelocyte before differentiating into 3 types
Term
– Monocytes develop from myeloid (red bone marrow) tissue in which
Definition
which hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cell) becomes a monoblast
Term
– Lymphocytes develop from lymphoid tissue becoming
Definition
lymphoblasts before further development
Term
• Destruction and life span
Definition
some destroyed by phagocytosis; life span variable
Term
• Platelets
Definition
thrombocytes
Term
• Platelets are
Definition
small fragments of cells
Term
• Platelets functions
Definition
blood coagulation and hemostasis
Term
– Formed in red bone marrow by
Definition
by fragmentation of large cells (megakaryocytes)
– Life span is 5-9 days
– Numbers - 250,000 to 400,000/mm3
Term
• Blood plasma
Definition
• Composition
– 90% water and 10% solutes
Term
– Solutes include
Definition
foods, wastes, gases, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, antibodies, and other proteins
Term
• Plasma proteins
Definition
6-8 gm/100 ml of plasma; synthesized in liver
Term
– Albumins -
Definition
about 55% of plasma proteins - contribute to blood viscosity, osmotic pressure, and volume
Term
– Globulins
Definition
38% - circulating antibodies, essential for immunity
Term
– Fibrinogen
Definition
7% - plays role in blood clotting
Term
• Hemostasis
Definition
• Mechanisms preventing blood loss
Term
– Vascular spasm -
Definition
immediate contraction of blood vessels
Term
– Platelet plug formation
Definition
• Platelets contact and stick to damaged blood vessels (platelet adhesion)
• Platelets become activated and release granules (platelet release reaction)
• Other platelets gather in area (platelet aggregation)
• Platelet plug - accumulation and attachment of large numbers of platelets - prevents blood loss in small area
Term
• Mechanisms preventing blood loss
Definition
– Coagulation (clotting) (process of gel formation) - involves several enzymes and other chemicals called clotting factors; may be intrinsic or extrinsic pathway; both pathways have final common steps
Term
– Coagulation
• Stage I
Definition
formation of prothrombinase
Term
– In extrinsic pathway tissue factor (thromboplastin) activates
Definition
factor VII which combines with
Term
factor X and activates it; factor X combines with
Definition
factor V in presence of calcium to form prothrombinase
Term
– In intrinsic pathway damaged platelets activate factor XII which activates
Definition
factor XI which activates factor IX; factor IX plus factor VIII plus calcium activate
Term
factor X which along with factor V and calcium forms
Definition
prothrombinase
Term
– Coagulation
• Stage II –
Definition
prothrombinase(inactive form of thrombin) and calcium convert prothrombin to thrombin
Term
• Stage III -
Definition
thrombin and calcium converts fibrinogen to fibrin threads which forms clot
Term
• Vitamin K is needed for
Definition
formation of 4 clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
Term
– Clot retraction (syneresis) and repair
Definition
clot plugs ruptured area and then tightens pulling edges together
Term
– Fibrinolysis
Definition
dissolves clot through activation of plasminogen to plasmin
Term
• Factors that oppose clotting
Definition
– Smoothness of endothelium that lines blood vessels prevents platelet adherence and disintegration
– Blood normally contains certain anticoagulants, for example, anti-thrombins, substances that inactivate thrombin so that it cannot catalyze fibrin formation
Term
• Factors that hasten clotting
Definition
– Endothelial “rough” spots; i.e. cholesterol-lipid plaques in atherosclerosis
– Sluggish blood flow
Term
• Blood types (or blood groups)
Definition
(A, B, O, AB) and Rh+ or Rh-
Term
• Plasma does not normally contain
Definition
antibodies against antigens present on its rbc
Term
but does contain
Definition
antibodies against A or B antigens not present on its rbc
Term
• No blood normally contains anti-Rh antibodies; anti-Rh antibodies appear in
Definition
blood only of Rh- person and only after Rh+ rbc have entered bloodstream
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