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Antiprotozoals
N/A
59
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
10/26/2011

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Cards

Term
Describe the life cycle of coccidia:
Definition
Oocyst-->sporozoite-->trophozoite-->schizont-->meront-->trophozoite-->schizont-->merozoite-->gametocyte-->sporulating oocyst (outside host)
Term
Coccidiostat (not -cidal). Decreases electron transport.
Definition
Decoquinate
Term
Anticoccidial. Increase sodium and hydrogen entry, leading to disruption of mitochondria and golgi, increased osmolarity, and decreased pH.
Definition
Ionophores

Monensin, Lasalocid
Term
Anticoccidial. Quaternary compound, thiamine antagonist.
Definition
Amprolium
Term
Anticoccidial. Inhibit folate pathways.
Definition
Antifolates

Sulfonamides, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
Term
Anticoccidial. Inhibit nuclear division of schizonts and gametes.
Definition
Diclazuril
Ponazuril (more broad-spectrum)
Term
Broad-spectrum. Causes disruption of the helical structure of DNA by active metabolite (ferrodoxin-linked M).
Definition
Metronidazole
Term
Anti-infective with the broadest spectrum. Inhibit microtubule formation by binding to B-tubulin.
Definition
Benzimidazoles

Albendazole, fenbendazole
Term
Anti-cryptosporidiosis. Aminoglycoside.
Definition
Paramomycin
Term
Anti-cryptosporidiosis. Broad spectrum. Metabolite is free radical that kills organisms.
Definition
Nitazoxanide
Term
Anti-cryptosporidiosis--used more vs. secondary infections caused by cryptosporidiosis. Macrolide antibiotic.
Definition
Azithromycin
Term
Anti-babesiosis. Binds DNA of babesia and denatures it.
Definition
Imidocarb
Term
For each of the following anti-coccidial drugs, state which phase of the life cycle they target:

Decoquinate
Monensin/Lasalocid (ionophores)
Amprolium
Sulfonamides
Diclazuril
Ponazuril
Definition
Decoquinate: sporozoites (very beginning of life cycle)

Monensin/Lasalocid: 1st generation trophozoites, merozoites

Amprolium: 1st generation trophozoites, schizonts

Sulfonamides: 2nd generation schizonts

Diclazuril: Schizonts, gametes

Ponazuril: broad spectrum protozoal
Term
Which of the following is not only used as an anti-coccidial, but also as a growth promotant in ruminants?

a. Decoquinate
b. Sulfonamides
c. Ponazuril
d. Monensin
e. Amprolium
Definition
d. Monensin

Monensin helps inhibit the development of Gram + bacteria that allow the development of flora that produce proprionic acid.
Term
T/F: resistance to decoquinate occurs fairly readily, as it is a drug that works early in the coccidian life cycle, and therefore it is a poor choice of drug to use.
Definition
True
Term
What are the side effects of monensin/lasalocid?
Definition
The ionophores have toxicity related to their mechanism.

Increased sodium entry leads to cell death and increased calcium entry into the cells. The increased calcium causes increased myocardial activity and subsequent degeneration of the myocardium.

Also, the ionophores cause increased catecholamine release.
Term
Which of the following drugs causes increased catecholamine release and myocardial degeneration as a result of increased calcium entry into cells?

a. Monensin
b. Amprolium
c. Imidocarb
d. Antifolates
e. Diclazuril
Definition
a. Monensin
Term
In which species should you avoid administering ionophores due to their trouble with metabolizing the drugs?
Definition
Horses

Monensin > lasalocid
Term
When sulfonamides are used in the prevention of coccidiosis, are they used alone or in combination with other anticoccidials?
Definition
Sulfonamides are often used in combination, though they don't necessarily need to be.

A frequent combination is sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim
Term
List three inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase that can be used as anticoccidial drugs.
Definition
Ormetoprim
Trimethoprim
Methotrexate
Pyrimethamine
Term
T/F: Amprolium is a good drug to use against a coccidial outbreak because of its action early in the coccidian life cycle.
Definition
False: to treat an outbreak, a drug that works against 2nd generation stages is preferred.

Antifolates/dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors would be a good choice for outbreak treatment and prevention
Term
All of the following have no preslaughter withdrawal period EXCEPT:

a. Decoquinate
b. Ionophores
c. Antifolates
d. Amprolium
e. All of the above have a preslaughter withdrawal.
Definition
c. Antifolates: 7 day preslaughter withdrawal
Term
Which of the following drugs is extra-label when used against coccidial infections?

a. Diclazuril
b. Amprolium
c. Imidocarb
d. Ponazuril
e. Decoquinate
Definition
d. Ponazuril
Term
Which of the following is considered a broad spectrum antiprotozoal?

a. Ponazuril
b. Metronidazole
c. Benzimidazoles
d. Nitazoxanide
e. All of the above are considered broad-spectrum
Definition
e. All of the above

Ponazuril: coccidiosis, EPM, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis

Metronidazole: Giardiasis, histomoniasis, babesiosis, trichomoniasis, amebiasis

Benzimidazoles: giardiasis, nematodes, flukes, etc.

Nitazoxanide: cryptosporidiosis but considered broad spectrum
Term
Metronidazole is effective against:
Definition
Anaerobes
Giardia
Histomonas
Babesia
Trichomonas
Amoebas
Term
What are the adverse effects associated with metronidazole?
Definition
GI disturbances

CNS disturbances: depression/excitation, convulsions, seizures

Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity

Neutropenia
Term
Which of the following drugs can be used against EPM in horses?

a. Ponazuril
b. Nitazoxanide
c. Diclazuril
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C
Definition
e. A, B, and C

Note: Antifolates can also be used to treat (trimethoprim + sulfadiazine, or pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine)
Term
T/F: ponazuril and diclazuril can cross the BBB.
Definition
True
Term
Diclazuril is ____ times more potent than ponazuril, reaching a peak in _____ hours after a single dose. Ponazuril, on the other hand, takes ______ days to peak after multiple doses.
Definition
5 times more potent
18 hours
18 days
Term
The dose of ponazuril to treat EPM is ____ mg/kg/day for ____ weeks, while the dose of diclazuril is _____ mg/kg/day for _____ weeks. Both drugs must be administered with a ___________________.
Definition
Ponazuril: 5 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks
Diclazuril: 1 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks

Both must be administered with a grain meal
Term
What are the adverse effects of ponazuril or diclazuril when being administered at doses to treat EPM?
Definition
Blisters on the nose/mouth
Skin rashes/hives
GI upset
Hypersensitivity
*Colic
*Seizures
Term
T/F: when using benzimidazoles to as a broad spectrum anti-protozoal, albendizole is the drug of choice.
Definition
False: albendazole is not labeled for use in small animals, so Dr. Hsu discourages using it. He recommends using fenbendazole instead.
Term
List the drugs that can be used to treat giardiasis:
Definition
Metronidazole
Benzimidazoles (albendazole, fenbendazole)
Term
List the drugs that can be used to treat toxoplasmosis:
Definition
Antifolates
Ponazuril
Clindamycin
Term
List the drugs that can be used to treat neosporosis:
Definition
Antifolates
Clindamycin
Ponazuril
Term
Which of the following is the *preferred* drug for the treatment of neosporosis and toxoplasmosis?

a. Antifolates
b. Ponazuril
c. Benzimidazoles
d. Metronidazole
e. Clindamycin
Definition
e. Clindamycin
Term
List the drugs that can be used against EPM:
Definition
Ponazuril
Diclazuril
Nitazoxanide
Antifolates
Term
List the drugs that can be used to treat cryptosporidiosis:
Definition
Paramomycin
Nitazoxanide
Azithromycin
Term
What are the adverse effects of paramomycin?
Definition
Vomiting, diarrhea, colic

*Nephrotoxicity

*Deafness (ototoxicity)
Term
Which of the following drugs can be used against babesiosis?

a. Metronidazole
b. Imidocarb
c. Nitazoxanide
d. A and B
e. A and C
Definition
d. A and B
Term
What are the side effects associated with imidocarb use?
Definition
SLUDD due to decreased acetylcholinesterase

Injection pain/inflammation (1-7 days)

Teratogenicity, carcinogenicity
Term
What is the most frequent antifolate drug/combination to be used?
Definition
Sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim
Term
Diclazuril/ponazuril can be used vs. avian coccidiosis.
Definition
Diclazuril
Term
Which of the following drugs is not for use in food animals?

a. Amprolium
b. Imidocarb
c. Metronidazole
d. A and B
e. B and C
Definition
e. B and C
Term
Which anti-cryptosporidiosis drug is effective in calves?
Definition
Nitazoxanide
Term
Which two antiprotozoals have teratogenic effects?
Definition
Benzimidazoles
Imidocarb
Term
Which two antiprotozoals have carcinogenic effects?
Definition
Metronidazole
Imidocarb
Term
Imidocarb should always be used with ________________ (another drug).
Definition
Atropine
Term
T/F: imidocarb is safe in pregnant animals.
Definition
False: teratogenic

Also teratogenic: Benzimidazoles
Term
Coccidiosis affects young/old animals more, usually ranging from __________ old.
Definition
Young
7-14 days old
Term
The ionophores are antibiotics isolated from _______________ (bacterial species).
Definition
Streptomyces
Term
Coccidia are _____ times more sensitive to amprolium than animal cells.
Definition
50 times
Term
Which anticoccidial drugs are used as a single dose?
Definition
Ponazuril
Diclazuril
Term
Why are antifolates, ponazuril, and diclazuril used for prevention AND treatment of coccidial outbreaks?
Definition
They work on the latter part of the life cycle (second generation schizonts and gametes)
Term
Why should diclazuril and ponazuril be used more frequently than other drugs?
Definition
They are newer (less resistance) and work on the latter part of the coccidian life cycle.
Term
Which of the anticoccidial drugs would cause the least residue problem?
Definition
Amprolium because it is a quaternary compound. Because of this, GI absorption is nil after administration.
Term
Which group of anticoccidial drugs is most toxic to animals?
Definition
Ionophores because they damage the myocardium.
Term
What are the most concerning adverse effects of the treatment of EPM?
Definition
Colic
Seizures
Term
Which antiprotozoal is mutagenic and carcinogenic?
Definition
Metronidazole
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