Term
| Describe the life cycle of coccidia: |
|
Definition
| Oocyst-->sporozoite-->trophozoite-->schizont-->meront-->trophozoite-->schizont-->merozoite-->gametocyte-->sporulating oocyst (outside host) |
|
|
Term
| Coccidiostat (not -cidal). Decreases electron transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anticoccidial. Increase sodium and hydrogen entry, leading to disruption of mitochondria and golgi, increased osmolarity, and decreased pH. |
|
Definition
Ionophores
Monensin, Lasalocid |
|
|
Term
| Anticoccidial. Quaternary compound, thiamine antagonist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anticoccidial. Inhibit folate pathways. |
|
Definition
Antifolates
Sulfonamides, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Anticoccidial. Inhibit nuclear division of schizonts and gametes. |
|
Definition
Diclazuril
Ponazuril (more broad-spectrum) |
|
|
Term
| Broad-spectrum. Causes disruption of the helical structure of DNA by active metabolite (ferrodoxin-linked M). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-infective with the broadest spectrum. Inhibit microtubule formation by binding to B-tubulin. |
|
Definition
Benzimidazoles
Albendazole, fenbendazole |
|
|
Term
| Anti-cryptosporidiosis. Aminoglycoside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-cryptosporidiosis. Broad spectrum. Metabolite is free radical that kills organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-cryptosporidiosis--used more vs. secondary infections caused by cryptosporidiosis. Macrolide antibiotic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-babesiosis. Binds DNA of babesia and denatures it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
For each of the following anti-coccidial drugs, state which phase of the life cycle they target:
Decoquinate
Monensin/Lasalocid (ionophores)
Amprolium
Sulfonamides
Diclazuril
Ponazuril |
|
Definition
Decoquinate: sporozoites (very beginning of life cycle)
Monensin/Lasalocid: 1st generation trophozoites, merozoites
Amprolium: 1st generation trophozoites, schizonts
Sulfonamides: 2nd generation schizonts
Diclazuril: Schizonts, gametes
Ponazuril: broad spectrum protozoal |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not only used as an anti-coccidial, but also as a growth promotant in ruminants?
a. Decoquinate
b. Sulfonamides
c. Ponazuril
d. Monensin
e. Amprolium |
|
Definition
d. Monensin
Monensin helps inhibit the development of Gram + bacteria that allow the development of flora that produce proprionic acid. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: resistance to decoquinate occurs fairly readily, as it is a drug that works early in the coccidian life cycle, and therefore it is a poor choice of drug to use. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of monensin/lasalocid? |
|
Definition
The ionophores have toxicity related to their mechanism.
Increased sodium entry leads to cell death and increased calcium entry into the cells. The increased calcium causes increased myocardial activity and subsequent degeneration of the myocardium.
Also, the ionophores cause increased catecholamine release. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following drugs causes increased catecholamine release and myocardial degeneration as a result of increased calcium entry into cells?
a. Monensin
b. Amprolium
c. Imidocarb
d. Antifolates
e. Diclazuril |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which species should you avoid administering ionophores due to their trouble with metabolizing the drugs? |
|
Definition
Horses
Monensin > lasalocid |
|
|
Term
| When sulfonamides are used in the prevention of coccidiosis, are they used alone or in combination with other anticoccidials? |
|
Definition
Sulfonamides are often used in combination, though they don't necessarily need to be.
A frequent combination is sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim |
|
|
Term
| List three inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase that can be used as anticoccidial drugs. |
|
Definition
Ormetoprim
Trimethoprim
Methotrexate
Pyrimethamine |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Amprolium is a good drug to use against a coccidial outbreak because of its action early in the coccidian life cycle. |
|
Definition
False: to treat an outbreak, a drug that works against 2nd generation stages is preferred.
Antifolates/dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors would be a good choice for outbreak treatment and prevention |
|
|
Term
All of the following have no preslaughter withdrawal period EXCEPT:
a. Decoquinate
b. Ionophores
c. Antifolates
d. Amprolium
e. All of the above have a preslaughter withdrawal. |
|
Definition
| c. Antifolates: 7 day preslaughter withdrawal |
|
|
Term
Which of the following drugs is extra-label when used against coccidial infections?
a. Diclazuril
b. Amprolium
c. Imidocarb
d. Ponazuril
e. Decoquinate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is considered a broad spectrum antiprotozoal?
a. Ponazuril
b. Metronidazole
c. Benzimidazoles
d. Nitazoxanide
e. All of the above are considered broad-spectrum |
|
Definition
e. All of the above
Ponazuril: coccidiosis, EPM, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis
Metronidazole: Giardiasis, histomoniasis, babesiosis, trichomoniasis, amebiasis
Benzimidazoles: giardiasis, nematodes, flukes, etc.
Nitazoxanide: cryptosporidiosis but considered broad spectrum |
|
|
Term
| Metronidazole is effective against: |
|
Definition
Anaerobes
Giardia
Histomonas
Babesia
Trichomonas
Amoebas |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse effects associated with metronidazole? |
|
Definition
GI disturbances
CNS disturbances: depression/excitation, convulsions, seizures
Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity
Neutropenia |
|
|
Term
Which of the following drugs can be used against EPM in horses?
a. Ponazuril
b. Nitazoxanide
c. Diclazuril
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C |
|
Definition
e. A, B, and C
Note: Antifolates can also be used to treat (trimethoprim + sulfadiazine, or pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: ponazuril and diclazuril can cross the BBB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diclazuril is ____ times more potent than ponazuril, reaching a peak in _____ hours after a single dose. Ponazuril, on the other hand, takes ______ days to peak after multiple doses. |
|
Definition
5 times more potent
18 hours
18 days |
|
|
Term
| The dose of ponazuril to treat EPM is ____ mg/kg/day for ____ weeks, while the dose of diclazuril is _____ mg/kg/day for _____ weeks. Both drugs must be administered with a ___________________. |
|
Definition
Ponazuril: 5 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks
Diclazuril: 1 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks
Both must be administered with a grain meal |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse effects of ponazuril or diclazuril when being administered at doses to treat EPM? |
|
Definition
Blisters on the nose/mouth
Skin rashes/hives
GI upset
Hypersensitivity
*Colic
*Seizures |
|
|
Term
| T/F: when using benzimidazoles to as a broad spectrum anti-protozoal, albendizole is the drug of choice. |
|
Definition
| False: albendazole is not labeled for use in small animals, so Dr. Hsu discourages using it. He recommends using fenbendazole instead. |
|
|
Term
| List the drugs that can be used to treat giardiasis: |
|
Definition
Metronidazole
Benzimidazoles (albendazole, fenbendazole) |
|
|
Term
| List the drugs that can be used to treat toxoplasmosis: |
|
Definition
Antifolates
Ponazuril
Clindamycin |
|
|
Term
| List the drugs that can be used to treat neosporosis: |
|
Definition
Antifolates
Clindamycin
Ponazuril |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the *preferred* drug for the treatment of neosporosis and toxoplasmosis?
a. Antifolates
b. Ponazuril
c. Benzimidazoles
d. Metronidazole
e. Clindamycin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the drugs that can be used against EPM: |
|
Definition
Ponazuril
Diclazuril
Nitazoxanide
Antifolates |
|
|
Term
| List the drugs that can be used to treat cryptosporidiosis: |
|
Definition
Paramomycin
Nitazoxanide
Azithromycin |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse effects of paramomycin? |
|
Definition
Vomiting, diarrhea, colic
*Nephrotoxicity
*Deafness (ototoxicity) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following drugs can be used against babesiosis?
a. Metronidazole
b. Imidocarb
c. Nitazoxanide
d. A and B
e. A and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects associated with imidocarb use? |
|
Definition
SLUDD due to decreased acetylcholinesterase
Injection pain/inflammation (1-7 days)
Teratogenicity, carcinogenicity |
|
|
Term
| What is the most frequent antifolate drug/combination to be used? |
|
Definition
| Sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim |
|
|
Term
| Diclazuril/ponazuril can be used vs. avian coccidiosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following drugs is not for use in food animals?
a. Amprolium
b. Imidocarb
c. Metronidazole
d. A and B
e. B and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which anti-cryptosporidiosis drug is effective in calves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two antiprotozoals have teratogenic effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two antiprotozoals have carcinogenic effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Imidocarb should always be used with ________________ (another drug). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: imidocarb is safe in pregnant animals. |
|
Definition
False: teratogenic
Also teratogenic: Benzimidazoles |
|
|
Term
| Coccidiosis affects young/old animals more, usually ranging from __________ old. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ionophores are antibiotics isolated from _______________ (bacterial species). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coccidia are _____ times more sensitive to amprolium than animal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which anticoccidial drugs are used as a single dose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are antifolates, ponazuril, and diclazuril used for prevention AND treatment of coccidial outbreaks? |
|
Definition
| They work on the latter part of the life cycle (second generation schizonts and gametes) |
|
|
Term
| Why should diclazuril and ponazuril be used more frequently than other drugs? |
|
Definition
| They are newer (less resistance) and work on the latter part of the coccidian life cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the anticoccidial drugs would cause the least residue problem? |
|
Definition
| Amprolium because it is a quaternary compound. Because of this, GI absorption is nil after administration. |
|
|
Term
| Which group of anticoccidial drugs is most toxic to animals? |
|
Definition
| Ionophores because they damage the myocardium. |
|
|
Term
| What are the most concerning adverse effects of the treatment of EPM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antiprotozoal is mutagenic and carcinogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
