Term
|
Definition
| agent produced by a microorganism or semisynthetically that has the ability to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent that inhibits bacterial growth, impedes replication of bacteria, or kills bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their multiplication or growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single-celled microorganisms that usually have a rigid cell wall and a round, rod, or spiral shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent with capability to kill bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent that inhibits the growth or reproduction of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that reduce the effectiveness of certain antibiotics (B-lactamase I = penicillinase, B-L II = cephalosporinase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to make free of pathogens or make them inactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent that inhibits growth of fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| within an artificial environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iodine compound with a longer activity period that results from combination of iodine and a carrier particle that release iodine over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism that is microscopic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent capable of killing spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Gram -/+
- acid fast staining bacteria
- aerobic/anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| A drug that works on many different classes of bacteria is called __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum inhibitory concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(minimum inhibitory concentration)
lowest amount of drug at which bacterial growth is inhibited |
|
|
Term
| Term for the circular area around an antibiotic sample where bacteria can't grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are zones of inhibition measured? |
|
Definition
| In mm. Size does not directly correlate to strength of the drug. Must compare measured mm to a chart, or if done by IDEXX, they will tell you S or R (sensitive or resistant). |
|
|
Term
| 4 ways bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics: |
|
Definition
1. put a coating over medicine entering the cell
2. destroy antibiotic
3. change cell wall permeability
4. rapid elimination |
|
|
Term
| Why should you not combine penicillins with bacteriostatic drugs? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin is only effective against replicating bacteria, and bacteriostatic drugs would halt replication. |
|
|
Term
| 5 antibiotic mechanisms of action |
|
Definition
1. cell wall disruption
2. cell membrane permeability changes (leaky)
3. protein synthesis interference at ribosome
4. impair DNA or RNA production
5. disruption of cell metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is clavulinate potassium / clavulinic acid? |
|
Definition
| A drug that inhibits Beta-lactamase produced by bacteria. Often paired with amoxicillin for synergistic effects (Clavamox). |
|
|
Term
| When using an injectable penicillin drug for the first time, what *must* be written on the label? And when does it expire? |
|
Definition
Write date and concentration (you reconstitute it with sterile saline to the concentration you want).
Expires after 10 days. |
|
|
Term
| Injectable penicillins are measured in __ or __. |
|
Definition
units/mL (large animal)
mg/mL (small animal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that hind-gut fermenters CANNOT have: |
|
Definition
-penicillins (Can't get PO, but can get injectable)
-lincosamides (Lincomycin, Clindomycin) |
|
|
Term
| What animals are hind-gut fermenters? |
|
Definition
| horses, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits |
|
|
Term
| Why can't hind-gut fermenters get certain antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| Certain antibiotics upset the gut flora, causing V/D but hind-gut fermenters cannot vomit. Also, with normal gut flora gone, pathogenic bacteria can multiply and cause enterotoxicity. |
|
|
Term
| How do you prepare and store Clavamox? |
|
Definition
-measure water accurately
-shake well before each use
-refrigerate |
|
|
Term
| How do you prepare Cefazolin? How is it administered? |
|
Definition
-add 9.8mL sterile water to the 1g bottle
-Injectable, usually IV (too fast = vomit)
-1mL/10# generally |
|
|
Term
| What drug is often given for pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
| Cefazolin, IV very slow to avoid emesis. |
|
|
Term
| What type of antibiotic is Convenia? |
|
Definition
| Convenia is a cephalosporin - cefovecin sodium |
|
|
Term
| How is Convenia prepared and stored? |
|
Definition
-reconstitute with sterile water
-label bottle with the date!!!
-refrigerated, even as powder
-lasts 52 days infridge |
|
|
Term
| How is Convenia administered? |
|
Definition
SQ injection
-dogs: maximum 2 injections
-cats: single injection |
|
|
Term
| Convenia remains in the body at therapeutic levels for __ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the drugs in triple antibiotic ointment. |
|
Definition
| Neomycin, Polymyxin & Bacitracin |
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotics are only used topically because they would be nephrotoxic if used internally? |
|
Definition
| polymyxin B and Bacitracin |
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotic is effective against anaerobic bacteria, such as those found under the gingiva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brand name for clindomycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotic is used to treat tick-borne diseases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug is both nephrotoxic and ototoxic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neomycin and gentamycin are what class of antibiotics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which *class* of antibiotics cannot ever be used in food animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can't chloramphenical be used in food animals? |
|
Definition
| It causes aplastic anemia in humans. |
|
|
Term
| ___ antibiotics are inactivated by purulent material and anaerobic environments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides we talked about in class: |
|
Definition
-amikacin (Amiglyde-V)
-neomycin
-gentamycin
-tobramycin |
|
|
Term
| Early signs of kidney problems? Late signs? |
|
Definition
Early: casts in urine, increased protein in urine
Late: increased BUN/creatinin when 75% kidneys gone |
|
|
Term
| Tetracycline is not effective if taken along with... |
|
Definition
-dairy
-iron supplements
-kao pectate / Pepto Bismol
These all chelate with tetracycline and render it uneffective. |
|
|
Term
| What is Fanconi Syndrome, and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| Progressive kidney disease, caused by expired tetracycline. |
|
|
Term
| What is chloramphenicol used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lincosamides we talked about in class: |
|
Definition
-lincomycin (Lincocin)
-clindomycin (Antirobe) |
|
|
Term
| Antibiotics that impair DNA or RNA production should never be used in ___, with one exception (name the drug). |
|
Definition
-pregnant animals
-Baytril is the exception |
|
|
Term
| What would an overdose of Flagyl cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what forms does Baytril come? |
|
Definition
-injectable
-beef-flavored tabs for dogs
-purple-coated pills that can be peeled and ground for little critters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of antibiotic is Baytril? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orbax, Zenaquin, and Dicural are all what class of antibiotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stimulates CNS, so don't give to seizure patients
-don't give to rapidly growing animals because they can damage joints |
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotic is used to treat anthrax? |
|
Definition
| ciprofloxacin (human label) |
|
|
Term
| Antifungals that impair RNA or DNA? |
|
Definition
| nystatin, griseofulvin, ketoconazole, miconazole |
|
|
Term
| Brand names for nystatin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brand name for griseofulvin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conofite consists of __ and __. |
|
Definition
| ketoconazole and miconazole |
|
|
Term
| All antibiotics have the potential to cause __ reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of allergic reaction to antibiotic: |
|
Definition
-swelling
-either depressed or very excitable (not normal)
-hypersalivation
-vomiting |
|
|
Term
| How to treat an allergic drug reaction? |
|
Definition
| diphenhydramine (Benedryl) and steroids Iv or IM for swelling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-allergic reactions
-kill normal flora
-drug residues and withdrawal time
-antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
| What supplement might be given with tetracycline? |
|
Definition
| Fortiflora / probiotics, because you can't use yogurt (dairy) to promote healthy gut flora while on tetracycline. |
|
|
Term
| Which class of antibiotics is associated with KCS and urine crystals? |
|
Definition
|
|
