Term
| Bony Landmarks of Anterior Abdominal Wall |
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Definition
| iliac crest, pectinal line, ASIS, pubic symphysis, pubic tubercle |
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Term
| Divisions of Anterior Abdominal Wall |
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Definition
*4 Regions (R and L upper and lower quadrants) using a vertical and horizontal line through umbilicus-located at L4 vertebral level.
*OR 9 regions using two vertical (mid-clavicular/mid-inguinal) and two horizontal (subcostal and intertubercular) lines. |
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Term
| Sensory Innervation and Dermatomes of the Anterior Abdominal Wall |
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Definition
*Thoracoabdominal nerve: T6-T11 intercostal nerves. T10-sensory to umbilicus
*Subcostal nerve: T12-sensory to ASIS and hip.
*Iliohypogastric nerve: L1-sensory to hypogastric region and iliac crest.
*Ilionguinal nerve: L1-passes through the inguinal canal and is sensory to the labia majora, mons pubis, scrotum, and medial thigh. |
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Term
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Definition
| T6-T11 intercostal nerves. T10-sensory to umbilicus |
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Term
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Definition
| T12-sensory to ASIS and hip. |
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Term
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Definition
| L1-sensory to hypogastric region and iliac crest |
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Term
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Definition
| L1-passes through the inguinal canal and is sensory to the labia majora, mons pubis, scrotum, and medial thigh |
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Term
| Abdominal Pain and Referred Pain |
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Definition
viscera from other areas of the body may refer pain to the abdomen and abdominal structures may refer pain to other parts of the body. Diaphragm irritation and pain is usually referred to the ipsilateral shoulder.
*appendicitis pain may initially be referred to the epigastric or periumbilical region rather than to the actual location of the appendix-pain will move to the appendix's location when adjacent peritoneum becomes irritated by the inflammation.
*pain is only generated in the intestines by distension/dilation (over-stretched walls)
*pain generated by structures of the posterior half of the abdomen may be referred to the back (such as pain from leaking or ruptured AAA or from pancreatitis)
*pain in the upper abdomen may be referred from the heart
*genital or urinary tract problems may cause lower abdominal discomfort/pain.
*kidney and urinary tract pain may be referred to the flanks or genitals |
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Term
| Superficial Fascia of the Abdominal Wall |
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Definition
*Camper's fascia
*Scarpa's fascia |
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Term
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Definition
| superficial fatty layer in abdominal wall; variable in thickness |
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Term
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Definition
membranous layer deep to Camper's fascia (seen primarily on the inferior abdominal wall)
*clinical importance! fascia is dense enough to hold sutures. |
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Term
Muscles of Abdominal Wall
(3 flat muscles and 1 vertical strap-like muscle) |
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Definition
*external oblique
*internal oblique
*transverse abdominus
*recuts abdominus
*pyramidalis** |
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Term
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Definition
O: external surfaces of ribs 5-12
I: anterior iliac crest, fascia of iliopsoas muscle, linea alba, pubic bone
A: compresses abdominal contents; laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column; stablizes pelvis; aids in forced expiration
IN: T6-L2 VPRs |
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Term
| External Oblique Muscle Description |
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Definition
*most superficial and largest of the flat muscles
*fibers run in an inferomedially ("hands in your front pockets") direction
*anterior half of the muscle has a strong flat tendon called external oblique aponeurosis
*inferior edge of aponeurosis thickens to form inguinal ligament |
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Term
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Definition
O: iliopsoas fascia, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia
I: inferior borders of ribs 10-12, linea alba, pubic crest, pubic pectin, and pectineal ligament
A: compresses and supports abdominal viscera; aids in forced expiration
IN: T6-L2 VPRs |
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Term
| Internal Oblique Description |
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Definition
*lies immediately deep to external oblique muscle
*muscle fibers run upwards and medially at roughly right angles to external oblique
*aponeurosis of internal oblique fuses with transverse abdominus aponeurosis to form the conjoined tendon that inserts onto the pubic tubercle
*aponeurosis splits into two layers to contribute to both the anterior and posteror rectus sheathes
*inferior portion of the internal oblique muscle descends as the cremaster muscle within the spermatic cord |
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Term
| diaphragm irritation and pain is usually referred to... |
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Definition
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Term
| appendicitis pain may be initially referred to the .... and then move to appendix location when adjacent peritoneum becomes irritated/inflamed. |
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Definition
| epigastric or periumbilical region |
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Term
| pain in generated in intestines by... |
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Definition
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Term
| pain generated by structures of the posterior half of the abdomen, such as leaking/ruptured AAA or pancreatitis, may be referred to... |
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Definition
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Term
| pain in upper abdomen may be referred to... |
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Definition
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Term
| genital or UT problems may cause... |
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Definition
| lower abdominal comfort/pain |
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Term
| pain in flanks or genitals may be caused by... |
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Definition
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Term
| scarpa's fascia is important clinically because... |
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Definition
| its dense enough to hold sutures |
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Term
| the inferior edge of the external oblique aponeurosis forms... |
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Definition
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Term
| aponeurosis of internal oblique fuses with transversus abdominus aponeurosis to form... |
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Definition
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Term
| inferior portion of internal oblique muscles descends as... |
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Definition
| cremaster muscle within the spermatic cord |
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Term
| sustained involuntary contraction of abdominal wall musculature to protect inflamed or painful intra-abdominal structures is known as.. |
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Definition
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Term
| sign of peritoneal inflammation/irriatation may be pronounced when... |
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Definition
| an acute abdomen is being palpated |
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Term
| the rectus sheath encases... |
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Definition
| the two rectus abdominus muscles, pyramidalis muscles, sup. and inf. epigastric vessels, and VPRs of T7-T12 spinal nerves |
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Term
| inguinal region is important clinically because... |
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Definition
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Term
| superficial inguinal ring is kept from expanding by the presence of... that run b/w medial and lateral crus |
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Definition
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Term
the lateral crus fibers roll inferiorly to the pectineal line and form....
this.... attaches to pectineal ligament |
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Definition
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Term
| medial and lateral crus inserts on... |
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Definition
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Term
| lacunar ligament fuses to the... |
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Definition
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Term
| inguinal canal is found... to the inf. epigastric artery |
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Definition
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Term
Inguinal canal boudries:
floor:
roof:
ant.:
post.: |
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Definition
floor:inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament
roof:inf. edge of internal oblique and transversus abdominus muscles
ant.:aponeurosis of ext. oblique muscles
post.:transversalsis fascia and conjoint area |
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Term
| contents of inguinal canal |
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Definition
*round ligament of uterus
*ilioinguinal nerve
*spermatic cord |
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Term
| the cremaster muscle is responsible for... |
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Definition
| raising and lowering testes in response to temperature changes |
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Term
| ductus (vans) deferens enter the... and exits through.... and turns medially to travel to... |
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Definition
superficial inguinal canal
deep inguinal canal
prostate gland |
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Term
| ducuts (vas) deferens converys sperm and secretions from.... to... |
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Definition
epididymis
ejaculatory ducts |
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Term
| gonadal arteries (testicular and ovarian) are branches off... |
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Definition
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Term
| the testicular artery (gonadal) descends along the posterior abdominal wall to enter the... and exit the... to provide blood to.... |
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Definition
deep inguinal ring
superficial inguinal ring
testes |
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Term
| testicular plexus provides... |
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Definition
| sympathetic autonomic innervation; carries vasomotor and pain and pressure fibers |
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Term
| hernias are based on their relationship to... |
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Definition
| inferior epigastric vessels |
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Term
| Hesselbach's triangle borders are... |
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Definition
lateral edge or rectus abdominus muscles
inguinal ligament
inferior epigastric vessels |
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Term
| Hesselbach's triangle is where... hernias occur |
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Definition
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Term
| direct hernias are... to inf. epigastric vessles and herniate through... |
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Definition
medial
hesselbach's triangle |
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Term
| indirect hernia's are ... to epigastric vessles and through.... |
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Definition
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Term
| indirect hernias are more likely to cause... |
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Definition
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Term
| hernias may present swelling in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| testes develop in the... slightly inferior to... |
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Definition
posterior abdominal cavity
kidneys |
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Term
| during the descent of the testes, they attach to a ligament called... |
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Definition
| gubernaculum testis ligament |
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Term
| the gubernaculum testis ligament guides the testes down the posterior abdominal wall through the.... into the.... by becoming successively shorter. |
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Definition
inguinal canal
scrotal sac |
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Term
| the scrotum sac is compased of a heavily pigmented skin outer layer and and inner layer that contains... musclce |
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Definition
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Term
| the scrotum response to cold temperature by.... |
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Definition
| wrinkling to decrease heat loss |
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Term
| testes are suspended in scrotum by the... |
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Definition
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Term
| the .... and ... cover the testes |
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Definition
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea |
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Term
| the epididymis serves to... |
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Definition
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Term
| metastasis of testicular cancer is via .... nodes since the testes develop in the posterior abdominal cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| metastasis of scrotal cancer is via ..... nodes (anteriorly) |
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Definition
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Term
| the ... of the epididyis is continuous with... |
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Definition
tail
ductus (vas) deferens |
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Term
| The inf. edge of the external oblique aponeurosis thickens to form... |
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Definition
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Term
| The inf. edge of the external oblique aponeurosis thickens to form... |
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Definition
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Term
| what structure travels through both the male and female inguinal canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| A 26 year old man is seen in the ER for treatment of injuries sustained when he was stabbed in his lower abdomen. The stab wound completely penetrated his recuts abdominus muscle about halfway between the umbilicus and superior pubic ramus inferior to th |
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Definition
| skin--> camper's fascia--> scarpa's fascia--> anterior layer of rectus sheath--> rectus abdominus muscles--> transversalis fascia--> peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| the ductus deferens are isolated on each side and transected or a small section of it is removed. sperm can no longer pass to urethra; they degenerate in the epididymis and proximal end of the ductus deferens |
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