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ANT 3120: Chapter 28 - Phys
Reproductive System - Physiology
52
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/25/2013

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Term
functions of male reproductive system
Definition
1) spermatogenesis
2) delivery of sperm into male reproductive tract
3) produce male sex hormones
Term
where does spermatogenesis occur?
Definition
in walls of seminiferous tubules
Term
spermatogenesis
Definition
production of male gametes
Term
when does germatogensis start?
Definition
during gestation
Term
mitosis of spermatogonium
Definition
creates a single primary spermatocyte(46 chromosomes)
Term
meiosis of primary spermatocyte (Meiosis I) occurs
Definition
at puberty and thereafter
Term
why is Meiosis I able to be initiated?
Definition
due to testosterone levels increasing at puberty
Term
meiosis of primary spermatocyte produces
Definition
two secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes)
Term
meiosis of both secondary spermatocytes (Meiosis II) produces
Definition
four spermatids (23 chromosomes)
Term
spermatids develop into
Definition
mature sperm (haploid cells)
Term
where is sperm stored?
Definition
in tail of epididymis and proximal end of vas deferns
Term
semen
Definition
vehicle of delivery of sperm into female reproductive tract
Term
parasympathetics release ____ during erection
Definition
1) acetylcholine
2) nitric oxide
Term
acetylcholine and nitric oxide cause
Definition
increase in blood flow to erectile tissue or penis
Term
sympathetics cause ____ during ejaculation
Definition
emission (mixing of sperm with semen) and discharge into prostatic urethra
Term
hormonal control of male reproductive system is by
Definition
1) hypothalamus
2) anterior pituitary
3) testes
Term
LH stimulates
Definition
Leydig cells of testes which stimulates production of testosterone
Term
FSH stimulates
Definition
Sertoli cells of testes which stimulates spermatogenesis and release of inhibin
Term
function of inhibin
Definition
inhibits release of FSH
Term
testosterone secretion during gestation causes
Definition
1) development of primary sex characteristics
2) descent of testes
Term
testosterone secretion during puberty
Definition
1) allows production of sperm
2) causes development of secondary sex characteristics
Term
development of secondary sex characteristics include
Definition
1) increased muscle growth
2) thickening of vocal cords
3) thickening and strengthening of bones
4) increased growth of body hair
5) increased activity of sebaceous glands
Term
functions of female reproductive system
Definition
1) oogenesis
2) produce female sex hormones
3) transport of female gamete to site of fertilization
4) incubate fertilized egg
5) provide a favorable environment for developing offspring
Term
hormonal control of female reproductive functions is by
Definition
1) hypothalamus
2) anterior pituitary
3) ovaries
Term
hormonal functions of ovaries
Definition
1) releases progesterone
2) releases estrogens (estradiol)
Term
function of progesterone
Definition
1) helps regulate menstrual cycle
2) affects mammary glands during puberty
Term
function of estrogens
Definition
1) helps regulate the menstrual cycle
2) responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics
Term
development of secondary sex characteristics
Definition
1) increased deposition of fat in breasts, thighs, and buttocks
2) stimulates enlargement of accessory reproductive organs
Term
function of developing follicles of the ovaries
Definition
helps regulate the menstrual cycle by releasing estrogen and progesterone
Term
trophoblast cells of embryo (description)
Definition
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Term
function of hCG
Definition
supports corpus luteum which leads to the prevention of ovulation and menses
Term
pregnancy tests detect
Definition
hCG; detectable in urine approx. 8 days after fertilization
Term
menstrual cycle duration
Definition
apporx. 28 days
Term
3 phases of menstrual cycle
Definition
1) menstruation/menses
2) proliferative phase
3) secretory/luteal phase
Term
menarche
Definition
first menstrual cycle (begins about 12 years of age)
Term
during menarche
Definition
ovaries mature and are able to respond to hormones of menstrual cycle
Term
amenorrhea (description)
Definition
failure to menstruate
Term
amenorrhea occurs due to
Definition
1) low body fat (need fat to make estrogen and progesterone
2) change in lifestyle
3) stress and anxiety
Term
menopause (description)
Definition
cessation of menstrual cycle
Term
when does menopause occur
Definition
between 45 and 55
Term
why does menopause occur
Definition
due to degeneration of ovaries (causes a decrease in the levels of progesterone and estrogen)
Term
symptoms of menopause
Definition
1) hot flashes
2) irritability
3) fatigue
4) emotional disturbance
Term
traditional birth control pills contain
Definition
high levels of estrogen and progesterone
Term
traditional birth control pills effects
Definition
1) prevents ovulation (inhibits LH surge)
2) thickens cervical mucus (makes it difficult for sperm to pass through the uterus)
Term
minipill birth control
Definition
contains solely progesterone and thickens cervical mucus
Term
birth control pills are appox.
Definition
90% effective
Term
emergency contraception can
Definition
1) prevent ovulation
2) prevent fertilization (thickens cervical mucus)
3) block progesterone receptors of endometrium (causes thinning and endometrium and thus prevents implantation)
Term
mechanism of emergency contraception dictated by
Definition
when during the menstrual cycle it is taken
Term
when does emergency contraception need to be taken?
Definition
within 72 hours of unprotected sex (80% effective)
Term
RU486 (Mifepristone/Mifeprex/Early Option)
Definition
abortion pill that blocks progesterone receptors of the endometrium (causes endometrium to slough off)
Term
RU486 is used in conjunction with
Definition
misoprostol (prostaglandin that causes uterine contractions)
Term
efficacy of RU486
Definition
90% effective up to 7th week of pregnancy
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