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ANT 3120: Chapter 26 (PHYS)
Urinary System (PHYS)
69
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/31/2013

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Term
functions of urinary system
Definition
1) regulates contents of blood
2) regulates blood pressure
3) regulates production of RBCs
4) converts calcidiol into calcitriol
Term
cortical nephrons (description)
Definition
bulk of nephron resides in cortex (small portion decends into medulla)
Term
function of cortical neprhons
Definition
responsible for most regulatory functions (due to relationship between renal tubule and peritubular capillary)
Term
juxtamedullary nephron (description)
Definition
descends deep within medulla
Term
function of juxtamedullary nephron
Definition
responsible for regulating osmolality of blood (due to countercurrent exchanger)
Term
3 processes for filtration of blood
Definition
1) glomerular filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion
Term
glomerular filtration
Definition
filtration of plasma from glomerulus to Bowman's capsule
Term
fluid produced through filtration of plasma from glomerulus
Definition
filtrate
Term
filtrate does not have
Definition
large substances: RBCs, WBCs, platelets, protein, lipids
Term
glomerulonephritis
Definition
damage to the nephron that causes large molecules to be filtered
Term
hematuria
Definition
blood cells in urine
Term
proteinuria
Definition
protein in urine
Term
tubular reabsorption
Definition
selective movement of filtrate from renal tubule to interstitial fluid to blood (peritubular capillaries)
Term
tubular secretion
Definition
selective movement of substances from blood to interstitial fluid to renal tubule
Term
renal blood flow rate
Definition
cardiac output that passes through the kidneys per minute
Term
renal blood flow rate is the product of
Definition
renal fraction and cardiac output
Term
renal fraction
Definition
percentage of blood that flows to the kidneys
Term
renal plasma flow rate
Definition
amount of plasma flowing through the kidney per minute
Term
renal plasma flow rate is the product of
Definition
renal blood flow rate and portion of the blood made of plasma
Term
portion of blood made of plasma
Definition
55%
Term
portion of blood made of plasma can be calculated by
Definition
100% minus hematocrit
Term
glomerular filtration rate
Definition
part of plasma filtered by glomerulus per minute that becomes filtrate (filtration fraction)
Term
glomerular filtration rate is the product of
Definition
renal plasma flow and filtration fraction
Term
filtration fraction
Definition
20% of plasma
Term
glomerular filtration rate is high because
Definition
glomerulus is
1) under high hydrostatic pressure
2) highly coiled
3) highly permeable
Term
percentage of filtrate that is reabsorbed
Definition
99%
Term
proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs
Definition
Na, Cl HCO3, PO4, Ca, Mg, amino acids, glucose, water
Term
descending limb of loop of Henle [reabsorption]
Definition
highly permeable to water
Term
ascending limb of loop of Henle [reabsorption]
Definition
impermeable to water
Term
thick ascending limb of loop of Henle [reabsorption]
Definition
Na, Cl, HCO3, Ca, Mg; impermeable to water
Term
distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs
Definition
Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, water
Term
collecting duct reabsorbs
Definition
Na, Cl, HCO3, K, urea, Ca, water
Term
where is organic anion transport located?
Definition
at proximal convoluted tubule
Term
proximal convoluted tubule secretes
Definition
H+, NH3 (ammonia)
Term
distal convoluted tubule secretes
Definition
H+, K+, ammonia (majority of NH3 secretion)
Term
collecting duct secretes
Definition
H+, K+, NH3, urea
Term
function of organic anion transport
Definition
cotransports organic acids with Na (uric acid, bile salts, antibiotics, creatinine, drugs)
Term
renal plasma clearance
Definition
volume of plasma completely cleared out of a substance by the kidney per unit time (in mL/min)
Term
for clearance to estimate GFR, a substance is needed that is
Definition
1) freely filtered
2) not reabsorbed
3) not secreted
*insulin meets these criteria
Term
for clearance to estimate renal plasma flow, a substance is needed that is
Definition
1) freely filtered
2) not reabsorbed
3) completely secreted
*PAH comes close to meeting criteria
Term
para-aminohippurate (PAH)
Definition
substance produced by metabolism of aromatic amino acids
Term
if clearance equals GFR
Definition
substance is completely filtered and not reabsorbed and not secreted
Term
if clearance is less than GFR
Definition
net is reabsorption of a substance
Term
if clearance is greater than GFR
Definition
net secretion of substance
Term
if clearance is zero
Definition
substance has been fully reabsorbed and not secreted/substance has not been filtered and not been secreted
Term
if clearance equals RPF
Definition
substance is completely filtered and secreted and not reabsorbed
Term
diuretics
Definition
drugs that cause excretion of water
Term
where do loop diuretics (Lasix)work?
Definition
work in ascending limbs of Loop of Henle
Term
function of loop diuretics
Definition
inhibit reabsorption of NA, Cl, and K
Term
most powerful diuretic
Definition
Loop diuretics
Term
where do Thiazides work?
Definition
work mainly in distal convoluted tubule
Term
function of Thiazides (Metolazone)
Definition
inhibits reabsorption of Na, Cl, and K
Term
where do aldosterone antagonists work?
Definition
work mainly in distal convoluted tubule
Term
function of aldosterone antagonists (Inspra)
Definition
inhibits aldosterone which causes inhibition of secretion of K
Term
how much urine is excreted per day?
Definition
approx 1.5 to 2 liters
Term
components of urine
Definition
96% water
2.5% nitrogenous wastes
1.5% salts and traces of other substances
Term
pH of urine
Definition
4.6 to 8.0
Term
osmolality of urine
Definition
between 100 and 1,200 mOsM (typically between 300 and 900 mOsM)
Term
specific gravity of urine
Definition
.020 to 1.028
Term
micturition/urination
Definition
passage of urine from the body
Term
anuria
Definition
no urine output
Term
urinary retention
Definition
urine is produced but not voided
Term
urinary suppression
Definition
urine is not produced by kidneys
Term
types of anuria
Definition
1) urinary retention
2) urinary suppression
Term
oliguria
Definition
decreased urine output (renal disease or dehydration)
Term
polyuria
Definition
excess urine output (over-hydration, Diabetes insipidus, Diabetes mellitus)
Term
urine of Diabetes insipidus
Definition
dilute due to excess water secretion
Term
urine of Diabetes mellitus
Definition
concentrated urine due to excess glucose in urine
Term
dysuria
Definition
urine expelled painfully (venereal disease, obstruction, urinary tract/bladder infection)
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