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ANT 3120: Chapter 23 (PHYS 1)
Respiratory System
49
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/25/2013

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Term
functions of respiratory system
Definition
1) gas exchange
2) acid/base balance
3) production of angiotensin II
4) voice production
Term
eupnea
Definition
normal quiet breathing at rest (12 to 20 breaths per minute)
Term
tachypnea
Definition
increased respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths/minute
Term
hyperpnea
Definition
increased ventilation that meets metabolic needs (e.g. exercise)
Term
hyperventilate
Definition
increased ventilation that exceeds metabolic needs (e.g. anxiety)
Term
bradypnea
Definition
decreased respiratory rate less than 12 breaths/minute
Term
hypopnea/hypoventilate
Definition
overly slow ventilation; decreased respiratory rate and/or shallow breaths
Term
dyspnea
Definition
labored breathing
Term
apnea
Definition
cessation of breathing
Term
respiratory system consists of
Definition
1) airways
2) lungs
3) thorax
4) respiratory muscles
Term
conducting zone consists of
Definition
nares, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles
Term
what is lined with smooth muscle in conducting zone
Definition
trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles
Term
functions of conducting zone
Definition
1) controls volume of air into and out of respiratory tract
2) warms and humidifies inhaled air
3) filters and protects the respiratory tract from particulates
Term
volume of air in conducting zone is controlled by
Definition
airway smooth muscle tone
Term
airway smooth muscle tone consists of
Definition
1) beta-2 adrenergic receptors
2) acetylcholine receptors
Term
function of beta-2 adrenergic receptors
Definition
relax smooth muscle (bronchodilation)
Term
function of acetylcholine receptors
Definition
contract smooth muscle (bronchoconstriction)
Term
warming and humidifying of air is performed by
Definition
blood vessels in mucous membrane
Term
respiratory zone consists of
Definition
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
Term
function of respiratory zone
Definition
sole site of gas exchange
Term
volume of exchange in respiratory zone
Definition
3000 mL
Term
gas exchange occurs specifically in
Definition
alveoli (present solely in respiratory zone)
Term
dead space
Definition
area of lung where there is no gas exchange
Term
anatomical dead space
Definition
volume within conducting zone
Term
average anatomical dead space
Definition
150 mL
Term
alveolar dead space
Definition
nonfunctional alveoli due to lack of blood supply/damage to alveoli
Term
physiological dead space
Definition
combination of anatomical and alveolar dead spaces
Term
what is contained in the interstitium of lungs
Definition
elastin fibers contained in the interstitium
Term
function of elastin fibers
Definition
allows lungs to stretch and expand; causes lung to recoil
Term
visceral pleura
Definition
covers the lungs
Term
parietal pleura
Definition
lines throacic cavity and is attached to diaphragm
Term
pleural space
Definition
fluid filled potential space between pleural layers
Term
compliance
Definition
measure of the ease with which a structure expands
Term
lung compliance is due to
Definition
elastic fibers of the lungs and pulmonary surfactant
Term
normal value of compliance for lungs
Definition
0.13 liters/cm H20
Term
too high of a compliance value indicates
Definition
lung has lost elasticity
Term
too low of a compliance value indicates
Definition
lung has become too stiff
Term
spirometry
Definition
measurement of lung volumes and capacities with the use of a spirometer
Term
lung volumes
Definition
1) tidal volume
2) inspiratory reserve volume
3) expiratory reserve volume
4) residual volume
Term
tidal volume
Definition
500 mL; volume of air inspired/expired during normal, quiet breathing
Term
inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
~3000 to 3300 mL; volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal inspiration
Term
expiratory reserve volume
Definition
~1000 to 1200 mL; volume of air that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration
Term
residual volume
Definition
~1200 mL; volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
Term
lung volume that cannot be measured with a spirometer
Definition
residual volume
Term
total lung capacity
Definition
volume of air in lungs after maximal inspiration
Term
vital capacity
Definition
volume of air expired from lungs after maximal inspiration
Term
functional residual capacity
Definition
volume of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration
Term
inspiratory capacity
Definition
volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
Term
lung capacities
Definition
1) total lung capacity
2) vital capacity
3) functional residual capacity
4) inspiratory capacity
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