Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ANT 3120: Chapter 19 (Phys)
Physiology
130
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
functions of blood
Definition
1) transport of gases
2) transport of nutrients
3) transport of waste products
4) transport of enzymes and hormones
5) transport of heat
6) regulation of pH, electrolyte and water balance
7) protection against pathogens
8) clot formation
Term
formed elements are produced via
Definition
hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis
Term
where does production of formed elements occur?
Definition
in red bone marrow in post-natal life
Term
proerythroblasts (description)
Definition
develop into red blood cells
Term
megakaryoblasts (description)
Definition
develop into megakaryocytes which fragment and form platelets
Term
erythropoietin (EPO) is released by
Definition
kidneys
Term
erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates
Definition
red blood cell development
Term
thrombopoietin (TPO) is released by
Definition
liver and bone marrow (mainly by live)
Term
thrombopoietin (TPO) stimulates
Definition
megakaryocyte development
Term
clincal use of EPO
Definition
1) used for those with kidney failure
2) used for those going through chemotherapy
3) used for blood doping in endurance sports
Term
clinical use of TPO
Definition
1) used for those with liver failure
2) used for those going through chemotherapy
Term
shape of RBCs/erythrocytes
Definition
bi-concave disc (increases surface area and places membrane close to hemoglobin)
Term
hemoglobin (description)
Definition
red pigmented, globular, heme protein that carries oxygen
Term
hemoglobin molecules per RBC
Definition
250,000,000 Hb molecules
Term
each hemoglobin subunit contains
Definition
contains a heme
Term
heme
Definition
porphyrin molecule that contains iron
Term
binding of hemoglobin
Definition
can bind up to 4 oxygen molecules
Term
erythrocytes (description)
Definition
contains no organelles (no nucleus and no mitochondria)
Term
production of ATP by erythrocytes
Definition
produce ATP anaerobically
Term
production of RBCs per second
Definition
approx. 2.5 million produced per second
Term
maturation of RBCs
Definition
approx. 4 days to mature
Term
reason for increased production of RBCs
Definition
conditions that lower oxygen carrying capacity of blood
1) decreased or defective RBCs
2) decreased or defective Hb
3) low blood oxygen levels
Term
conditions that cause low oxygen levels
Definition
1) lung disease
2) cardiovascular disease
3) smoking
4) high altitude
Term
conditions that cause low oxygen levels stimulate
Definition
EPO release from the kidneys which stimulates proerythroblast formation
Term
destruction of RBCs per second
Definition
approx. 2.5 million RBCs destroyed per second
Term
lifespan of RBCs
Definition
approx. 120 days
Term
repairing of RBC
Definition
cannot repair properly due to lack of nuclear genes
Term
how are worn RBCs rid?
Definition
worn RBCs rupture as they pass through the spleen and liver and are phagocytized by macrophages
Term
worn RBCs are rid of via
Definition
spleen and liver
Term
hemoglobin subunits are broken down into
Definition
amino acids
Term
heme of hemoglobin is broken down into
Definition
carbon dioxide, iron, and biliverdin
Term
jaundice (description)
Definition
yellowing of the skin, conjunctiva, and mucous membranes due to an increase of free or conjugated bilirubin
Term
cause of prehepatic jaundice
Definition
due to increased RBC destruction
1) liver cannot conjugate all free bilirubin
2) increased free bilirubin in blood
Term
appearance of feces and urine of prehepatic jaundice
Definition
normal colored feces and urine
Term
prehepatic jaundice is found in
Definition
newborns due to their high hematocrit (~70%)
Term
cause of hepatic jaundice
Definition
due to inability of liver to conjugate free bilirubin which causes increased free bilirubin in blood
Term
appearance of feces and urine in hepatic jaundice
Definition
pale colored feces and light colored urine
Term
hepatic jaundice is found in
Definition
1) premature babies due to immature liver
2) those with liver damage
Term
cause of posthepatic/obstructive jaundice
Definition
blockage of bile drainage which causes
1) conjugated bilirubin to not be able to enter small intestine
2) increased conjugated bilirubin in blood
Term
appearance of feces and urine in posthepatic jaundice
Definition
pale colored feces and dark colored urine
Term
treatment of jaundice
Definition
1) phototherapy/bili light (infants only)
2) exchange transfusion
Term
kernicterus (description)
Definition
bilirubin toxicity in the CNS; seen almost exclusively in infants
Term
signs of Kernicterus
Definition
1) extreme jaundice
2) lethargic
3) muscle rigidity
4) high pitched cry
Term
kernicterus can lead to
Definition
1) seizures
2) retardation
3) hearing loss
4) death
Term
hematocrit/Packed cell volume
Definition
percent of RBCs in blood
Term
normal range of hematocrit for males
Definition
40% - 50%
Term
normal range of hematocrit for females
Definition
35% - 45%
Term
normal range of hemoglobin concentration for males
Definition
13.5 mg to 18mg/dl blood
Term
normal range of hemoglobin concentration for females
Definition
11.5 mg to 16 mg/dl blood
Term
anemia
Definition
deficiency of hemoglobin
Term
symptoms of anemia
Definition
1) fatigue
2) dyspnea
3) malaise(general state of discomfort)
4) pallor (pale skin)
Term
causes of anemia
Definition
1) loss of blood due to hemorrhage
2) lack of EPO
3) iron deficiency anemia
4) pernicious anemia
5) folate deficiency anemia
6) aplastic anemia
Term
how is iron deficiency anemia diagnosed?
Definition
by determining iron levels
Term
treatment of iron deficiency anemia
Definition
increase intake of iron
Term
how is pernicious anemia diagnosed?
Definition
by determining vitamin B12 levels
Term
treatment of pernicious anemia
Definition
increase intake of B12 or vitamin B12 shots
Term
cause of pernicious anemia
Definition
vitamin B12 deficiency
Term
how is folate deficiency anemia diagnosed?
Definition
by determining levels of folate
Term
treatment of folate deficiency anemia
Definition
increase intake of folate
Term
aplastic anemia (description)
Definition
damage to red bone marrow; possibly autoimmune or due to certain therapeutic drugs
Term
how is aplastic anemia diagnosed?
Definition
with bone marrow biopsy
Term
treatment of aplastic anemia
Definition
1) immunosuppressive drugs
2) bone marrow transplant (cure)
Term
thalassemia (description)
Definition
defective hemoglobin due to genetic mutation
Term
Alpha thalassemia
Definition
defective or absent alpha globin subunit; mild to severe forms
Term
beta thalassemia
Definition
defective or absent beta globin subunit; mild to severe forms
Term
how is thalassemia diagnosed?
Definition
with genetic testing
Term
treatment of thalassemia
Definition
1) frequent blood transfusions
2) bone marrow transplant (cure)
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
defective beta subunit on hemoglobin
Term
treatment of sickle cell anemia
Definition
1) blood transfusions
2) bone marrow transplant
3) hydroxyurea (reactiveates HbF which blocks sickling)
Term
factors that increase the risk of sickle cell crisis
Definition
1) hypoxia
2) acidosis
3) dehydration
4) infection
Term
Sickle cell crisis
Definition
when Hb molecules polymerize and RBC dehydrates which causes RBCs to clump and block blood flow
Term
causes of polycythemia
Definition
1) lung disease
2) cardiovascular disease
3) high altitude
4) smoking
5) shots of EPO
6) blood doping
Term
blood doping (description)
Definition
transfusion of RBCs into a recipient
Term
polycythemia (description)
Definition
increased percentage of RBCs due to increased EPO; increases viscosity of blood
Term
normal range of leukocytes(WBCs)
Definition
5,000 to 9,000 WBCs/ul of blood
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
elevated count (can indicate infection); above 10,000/ul
Term
Leukopenia
Definition
abnormally low WBC (lower than 5,000/ul); result of AIDS
Term
Leukemia
Definition
1)overproduction of any one type of WBC
2)most common cancer among children
3)affects 10x more adults than children
Term
normal range of thrombocytes (platelets)
Definition
~150,000 to 400,000/ul of blood
Term
thrombocytopenia
Definition
decreased platelet count; less than 50,000: danger of uncontrolled bleeding
Term
symptoms of thrombocytopenia
Definition
usually asymptomatic unless platelet count is very low; purpura

e.g. blood of mouth, gums, digestive tract, brain
Term
types of purpura
Definition
1) petechiae (small spots)
2) ecchymoses (large spots)
Term
purpura
Definition
red or purple discolorations on the skin
Term
treatment of thrombocytopenia
Definition
TPO and platelet transfusion
Term
thrombocytosis
Definition
increased platelet count
Term
primary thrombocytosis (description)
Definition
thrombosis (blood clots) form if platelets are normal
Term
treatment of primary thromobocytosis
Definition
daily low-dose aspirin (inhibits clotting mechanism)
Term
causes of excessive bleeding
Definition
1) Hemophilia A, B, C
2) Von Wildebrand disease
3) Vit. K deficiency
4) liver disease
Term
hemophilia A is due to
Definition
deficiency of factor 8
Term
hemophilia B is due to
Definition
deficiency of factor 9
Term
hemophilia C is due to
Definition
deficiency of factor 11
Term
most common form of hemophilia
Definition
hemophilia A (85% of cases)
Term
Von Wildebrand disease is due to
Definition
deficiency of vWF and factor 8
Term
causes of vit K deficiency
Definition
1) extensive antibiotic treatment
2) lack of Vit K in diet
3) malabsorption diseases
4) newborns (lack flora to produce vit K)
Term
Vit K is needed to synthesize
Definition
factors 2, 7, 9, and 10
Term
function of liver (in relation to blood)
Definition
makes most of the clotting factors
Term
thrombus
Definition
abnormally formed clot
Term
embolus
Definition
part of thrombus that dislodges
Term
embolism
Definition
when embolus becomes lodged in a smaller blood vessel
Term
causes of excessive clotting
Definition
typically caused by damage to or inflammation of blood vessels
Term
excessive clotting activates
Definition
intrinsic clotting mechanism
Term
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) [description]
Definition
massive clotting of blood in the body (which causes depeletion of platelet and clotting factor); massive bleeding follows
Term
causes of DIC
Definition
1) obstetrics complications
2) sepsis
3) tissue trauma
Term
treatment of DIC
Definition
1) transfuse platelets (during massive bleeding)
2) transfuse plasma (during massive bleeding)
3) anticoagulants (if caught early and clotting is occurring)
Term
stasis (description)
Definition
slowed or halted blood flow
Term
stasis leads to
Definition
accumulation of activated clotting factors
Term
causes of stasis
Definition
1) congestive heart failure
2) aneurysms
3) sitting too long without contraction of leg muscles
Term
risk factors for clot formation
Definition
1) overweight
2) pregnancy and childbirth
3) supplemental estrogen
4) smoking
Term
control of clot formation is by
Definition
1) anticoagulants
2) blood thinners
Term
function of anticoagulants
Definition
prevent unwanted clotting
Term
types of anticoagulants
Definition
1) antithrombin
2) heparin
3) prostacyclin
Term
antithrombin
Definition
plasma protein that slowly inactivates a number of clotting factors
Term
heparin
Definition
activates antithrombin
Term
prostacyclin
Definition
inhibits platelets from releasing coagulation factors; produced by endothelial cells
Term
blood thinners
Definition
drugs given exogenously to control formation of clots
Term
types of blood thinners
Definition
1) heparin
2) coumadin/warfarin
3) plavix
4) aspirin
5) hirudin
Term
coumadin
Definition
competes with vitamin K; prevents synthesis of vit. K dependent clotting factors
Term
plavix
Definition
blocks ADP receptors on the surface of platelets; causes platelets to not be activated and therefore cannot aggregate
Term
Aspirin
Definition
inhibits COX-1 inhibitor; inhibits thromboxane A2 secreted by platelets which prevents platelet aggregation
Term
hirudin
Definition
protein contained in the saliva of leeches; blocks thrombin
Term
clot busting drugs
Definition
1) streptokinase
2) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Term
function of clot busting drugs
Definition
activate plasminogen to produce plasmin; plasmin digests fibrin (fibrinolysis)
Term
universal cell donor
Definition
Type O- cells
Term
universal cell recipient
Definition
Type AB+ blood
Term
reasons for red blood cell transfusion
Definition
1) hemolytic diseases
2) congestive heart failure
Term
blood transfusion of cells
Definition
donated cells should contain the same antigen as the recipient
Term
blood transfusion of plasma
Definition
donated plasma should contain the same antibody as the recipient
Term
reasons for plasma transfusion
Definition
1) replenish clotting factors
2) prep for procedure on someone who is on coumadin therapy
Term
universal plasma donor
Definition
Type AB plasma
Term
universal plasma recipient
Definition
Type O blood
Supporting users have an ad free experience!