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ANT 3120: Chapter 18
Notes
173
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/16/2013

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Term
structures of the endocrine system
Definition
1) hypothalamus
2) pituitary
3) thyroid gland
4) parathyroid glands
5) adrenal gland
6) pancreas
Term
function of hypothalamus
Definition
produces neurohormones
Term
neurohormone
Definition
hormone produced by nervous tissue
Term
neurohormones that regulate the anterior pituitary
Definition
1) Growth hormone releasing hormone
2) Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
3) Gonadotropin releasing hormone
4) Prolactin releasing hormone
5) Prolactin inhibiting hormone
6) Thyrotropin releasing hormone
7) Corticotropin releasing hormone
Term
neurohormones that regulate the anterior pituitary are produced by
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
other neurohormones produced by hypothalamus
Definition
oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Term
hypothalamohypophysial portal system (description)
Definition
blood vessels that extend from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Term
function of hypothalamohypophysial portal system
Definition
delivers releasing and inhibiting hormones onto the anterior pituitary
Term
hypothalamohypophysial tract (description)
Definition
axons that extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
Term
function of hypothalamohypophysial tract
Definition
delivers oxytocin and ADH to the posterior pituitary
Term
what makes up the infundibulum?
Definition
the hypothalamohypophysial portal system and tract
Term
hypothalamus (description)
Definition
directly/indirectly regulates most endocrine activity
Term
how is the pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?
Definition
by the infundibulum
Term
pituitary is composed of
Definition
two separate lobes that function independently of each other
1) posterior pituitary
2) anterior pituitary
Term
neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary
Definition
1) oxytocin
2) ADH/Vasopressin
Term
functions of oxytocin
Definition
1) stimulates uterine contractions
2) stimulates release of milk from lactating breast
3) appears to facilitate sperm transport in males
4) possible effects on male sexual behavior
Term
stimulation of release of oxytocin
Definition
1) dilation of cervix
2) distension of uterus
3) suckling of breasts
4) sexual intercourse
Term
inhibition of release of oxytocin
Definition
none known
Term
hypersecretion effects of oxytocin
Definition
none known
Term
hyposecretion effects of oxytocin
Definition
1) difficulty with birthing
2) difficulty with lactation
Term
functions of ADH/Vasopressin
Definition
1) regulates blood osmolality by causing kidneys to reabsorb water into blood (decreases blood osmolality)
2) regulates blood pressure by increasing blood volume or causing blood vessels to constrict (both increase BP)
Term
stimulation of release of ADH/Vasopressin
Definition
1) high blood osmolality
2) low blood volume
3) low blood pressure
4) fear
5) stress
Term
inhibition of release of ADH/Vasopressin
Definition
1) low blood osmolality
2) high blood volume
3) high blood pressure
4) ADH
Term
hypersecretion effects of ADH/Vasopressin
Definition
1) decrease in blood osmolality
2) increase in blood volume
3) increase in blood pressure
Term
causes of hypersecretion of ADH/Vasopressin
Definition
1) Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
2) pituitary tumor
Term
hyposecretion effects of ADH/Vasopressin
Definition
1) increase in blood osmolality
2) decrease in blood volume
3) decrease in blood pressure
Term
causes of hyposecretion of ADH/Vasopressin
Definition
Diabetes insipidus
Term
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
Definition
large amount of water is absorbed in the blood
Term
Diabetes insipidus
Definition
water is not reabsorbed into the blood
Term
hormones produced and released by anterior pituitary
Definition
1) growth hormone/somatotropin
2) gonadotropic hormones
3) prolactin
4) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
5) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Term
gonadotropic hormones
Definition
1) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Term
functions of growth hormone/somatotropin
Definition
1) stimulates and regulates growth in most tissues
2) stimulates amino acid reuptake and their synthesis into proteins
3) increase blood fatty acids via lipolysis
4) increase blood glucose via gluconeogenesis
Term
stimulation of release of growth hormone/somatotropin
Definition
1) GHRH
2) low blood glucose
3) high blood amino acids (esp arginine)
4) low blood fatty acids
5) deep sleep (highest level)
6) stress
7) exercise
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
low blood glucose
Term
inhibition of release of growth hormone/somatotropin
Definition
1) GHIH
2) high blood glucose
3) low blood amino acids
4) high blood fatty acids
5) sleep-wake transition (lowest level)
6) growth hormone
Term
hyperglycemia
Definition
high blood glucose
Term
hypersecretion effects of growth hormone/somatotropin
Definition
1) abnormal lengthening and thickening of bones
2) abnormal organ growth
3) elevated blood fatty acids
4) elevated blood glucose
Term
causes of hypersecretion of growth hormone/somatotropin
Definition
1) pituitary gigantism/gigantism
2) acromegaly
Term
characteristics of pituitary gigantism/gigantism
Definition
1) elevated growth hormone during childhood
2) excess deposition of cartilage at growth plates
3) thickening of bones
Term
characteristics of acromegaly
Definition
1) elevated growth hormone after puberty
2) abnormal thickening of bones
3) elevated blood fatty acids
4) elevated blood glucose
5) abnormal organ growth
Term
hyposecretion effects of growth hormone/somatotropin
Definition
pituitary dwarfism
Term
characteristics of pituitary dwarfism
Definition
1) decreased growth hormone level during childhood
2) proportional, but short in stature
3) can be treated with human GH injections if caught early
4) accounts for 30% of dwarfism
Term
70% of dwarfism is due to
Definition
achrondroplastic dwarfism
Term
functions of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
1) stimulates sperm production
2) stimulates estrogen production
3) helps regulate the menstrual cycle
Term
stimulation of release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
1) GnRH
2) low blood estrogen (females)
3) low blood testosterone (males)
Term
inhibition of release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
1) high blood estrogen
2) inhibin
3) low GnRH
4) FSH
Term
inhibin
Definition
hormone released from testes and ovaries
Term
hypersecretion effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
1) high blood estrogen
2) amenorrhea (lack of menstrual cycle)
Term
hyposecretion effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
1) decrease in sperm production
2) low blood estrogen
3) amenorrhea
Term
functions of luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
1) stimulates testosterone production
2) helps regulate menstrual cycle
Term
stimulation of release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
1) GnRH
2) low blood testosterone
Term
inhibition of release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
1) low GnRH
2) high blood testosterone
3) LH
Term
hypersecretion effects of luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
1) high blood testosterone
2) amenorrhea
Term
hyposecretion effects of luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
1) low blood testosterone
2) low sperm count
3) decreased libido
4) erectile dysfunction
5) amenorrhea
Term
functions of prolactin
Definition
1) stimulates milk production in lactating females
2) stimulates breast development
3) modulates the production of testosterone and sperm in males
Term
stimulation of release of prolactin
Definition
1) estrogen
2) suckling of breasts
3) PRH
4) decreased levels of prolactin inhibitng hormone
Term
inhibition of release of prolactin
Definition
1) PIH
2) prolactin
Term
hypersecretion effects of prolactin in females
Definition
1) galactorrhea (spontaneous milk production)
2) inhibits GnRH which causes amenorrhea and decreased libido
Term
hypersecretion effects of prolactin in males
Definition
1) gynecomastia (breast development in males)
2) inhibits GnRH which causes decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and decreased sperm production
Term
hyposecretion effects of prolactin in females
Definition
lack of milk production during lactation
Term
hyposecretion effects of prolactin in males
Definition
no known effect
Term
function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
stimulates thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine aka T3 and T4)
Term
stimulation of release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
TRH
Term
inhibition of release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
1) low TRH
2) T3 and T4
3) TSH
Term
hypersecretion effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
increased levels of T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
Term
hyposecretion effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
decreased levels of T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
Term
functions of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
1) stimulates all adrenal cortex hormones
2) stimulates melanocytes
Term
stimulation of release of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
1) CRH
2) low blood cortisol
3) inflammation
4) stress
5) hypoglycemia
6) sleep wake transition (highest)
Term
inhibition of release of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
1) low CRH level
2) high blood cortisol
3) deep sleep (lowest)
4) ACTH
Term
hypersecretion effects of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
1) high level of adrenal cortex hormones (esp. cortisol)
2) darkened skin
Term
hyposecretion effects of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
low level of adrenal cortex hormones (esp. cortisol)
Term
thyroid gland hormones
Definition
1) thyroxine
2) triiodothyronine
Term
characteristics of Thyroxine (T4)
Definition
1) contains four iodine molecules
2) more abundant (90% of circulating thyroid hormone)
Term
characteristics of triiodothyronine (T3)
Definition
1) contains three iodine molecules
2) approximately 40% produced from de-ionization of T4
3) 5x more potent than T4
Term
where are thyroxine and triiodothyronine produced?
Definition
in follicular cells
Term
where are thyroxine and triiodothyronine stored?
Definition
in colloid (enough stored to last approx. 3 months)
Term
functions of T3 and T4
Definition
1) increase metabolism
2) increase protein synthesis
3) increase blood glucose (via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)
4) decrease plasma cholesterol
5) increase heart rate and heart contractility
6) increase respiratory rate
7) stimulate growth hormone
Term
stimulation of release of T3 and T4
Definition
1) TSH/Thyrotropin
2) increased blood iodine
3) hypoglycemia
4) cold
5) stress
Term
inhibition of release of T3 and T4
Definition
1) decreased levels of TSH
2) decrease blood iodine
3) hyperglycemia
4) T3 and T4
Term
hypersecretion effects of T3 and T4
Definition
1) high body temperature
2) weight loss
3) heat intolerance 4) high BP
5) increased HR 6) goiter
7) hyperexcitable due to nervous system stimulation
8) diarrhea due to stimulation of digestive tract
9) exophthalmos (protruding of eyes)
Term
cause of exophthalmos
Definition
mucoprotein and fluid deposition behind the eyes
Term
goiter
Definition
enlarged thyroid gland
Term
causes of hypersecretion of T3 and T4
Definition
1) Grave's Disease
2) Thyroid storm
3) pituitary tumor (increase TSH)
4) thyroid tumor
Term
Grave's disease
Definition
autoantibodies are produced that mimic TSH
Term
thyroid storm
Definition
1) sudden release of large amounts of T3 and T4
2) caused by stress and infection
3) idiopathic
Term
hyposecretion effects of T3 and T4
Definition
1) low body temperature and cold intolerance
2) dry skin and hair
3) decreased heart rate
4) low blood pressure
5) lethargy due to depression of nervous system
6) constipation due to inhibition of digestive system
7) increased plasma cholesterol
8) goiter if due to primary hypothyroidism
Term
causes of hyposecretion of T3 and T4
Definition
1) primary hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's disease and Cretinism)
2) secondary hypothyroidism
Term
primary hypothyroidism (description)
Definition
inability of thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4
Term
secondary hypothyroidism (description)
Definition
decreased TRH or TSH (also causes gland to atrophy)
Term
Hashimoto's disease
Definition
autoimmune
Term
Cretinism
Definition
1) iodine deficiency during pregnancy
2) iodine deficiency during infancy
3) congenital errors in T3 and T4 synthesis
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
four small glands located on the posterior/dorsal aspect of the thyroid
Term
parathyroid gland hormones
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
functions of parathyroid hormone
Definition
regulates blood calcium and blood phosphate by
1) raising blood calcium
2) decreasing blood phosphate
Term
stimulation of release of parathyroid hormone
Definition
1) low blood calcium
2) high blood phosphate
Term
inhibition of release of parathyroid hormone
Definition
1) high blood calcium
2) low blood phosphate
3) parathyroid hormone
Term
hypersecretion effects of parathyroid hormone
Definition
1) osteoporosis
2) high blood calcium
3) muscle weakness
4) lethargy
5) hypertension
Term
hypercalcemia
Definition
high blood calcium
Term
causes of hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
Definition
1) primary hyperparathyroidism
2) secondary hyperparathyroidism
Term
primary hyperthyroidism
Definition
1) approx. 90% caused by tumor
2) approx. 10% are idiopathic
Term
secondary hyperparathyroidism
Definition
caused by conditions that reduce blood calcium
Term
hyposecretion effects of parathyroid hormone
Definition
1) low blood calcium
2) nerve discharge and seizures
3) muscle spasms
Term
hypocalcemia
Definition
low blood calcium
Term
causes of hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone
Definition
1) accidental removal during thyroidectomy
2) autoimmune
3) idiopathic
4) congenital
5) tumor
Term
adrenal gland consists of
Definition
1) adrenal medulla (central portion)
2) adrenal cortex (outer portion)
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
considered to be part of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
composed of three sub layers
1) zona glomerulosa
2) zona fasciculata
3) zona reticularis
Term
zona glomerulosa
Definition
outer layer
Term
zona fasciculata
Definition
middle layer
Term
zona reticularis
Definition
inner layer
Term
hormones released by adrenal medulla
Definition
1) epinephrine (adrenaline)
2) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Term
secretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla (percentage)
Definition
80% of secretion
Term
secretion of norepinephrine by adrenal medulla (percentage)
Definition
20% of secretion
Term
functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Definition
1) increase metabolic rate
2) increase heart rate
3) increase blood pressure
4) increase blood glucose by glycogenolysis
5) increase blood fatty acids by lipolysis
6) dilate airways
7) shunt blood from internal organs and skin to brain, muscles, and heart
Term
stimulation of release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Definition
sympathetic nervous system via hypothalamic stimulation from:
1) stress
2) physical activity
3) hypoglycemia
4) hypotension
Term
inhibition of release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Definition
no inhibitory input
Term
hypersecretion effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Definition
1) hypertension
2) increased heart rate
3) hyperglycemia
4) nervousness
5) excess sweating
Term
hyposecretion effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Definition
none
Term
hormones released by zona glomerulosa
Definition
mineralocorticoids (main = aldosterone)
Term
functions of aldosterone
Definition
1) stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Na+ into the blood
2) stimulates kidneys to secrete K+
3) stimulates kidneys to secrete H+
Term
stimulation of release of aldosterone
Definition
1) renin (released from the kidneys)
2) ACTH (minor role)
Term
inhibition of release of aldosterone
Definition
1) high blood sodium
2) increased blood volume/blood pressure
3) aldosterone
Term
hypernatremia
Definition
high blood sodium
Term
hypersecretion effects of aldosterone
Definition
1) hypernatremia
2) low blood potassium
3) alkalosis
4) hypertension
Term
hypokalemia
Definition
low blood potassium
Term
causes of hypersecretion of aldosterone
Definition
1) primary aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)
2) secondary aldosteronism
Term
secondary aldosteronism
Definition
caused by increased renin production (renin levels are high)
Term
Conn's syndrome
Definition
caused by adrenal cortex tumor; low renin due to negative feedback
Term
hyposecretion effects of aldosterone
Definition
1) hyponatremia
2) hyperkalemia
3) acidosis
4) hypotension
Term
causes of hyposecretion of aldosterone
Definition
Addison's disease
Term
Addison's disease
Definition
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
Term
hormones released by the zona fasciculata
Definition
glucocorticoids (main = cortisol)
Term
function of cortisol
Definition
1) increases blood glucose via gluconeogenesis
2) anti-inflammatory
3) maintenance of blood vessel tone
4) suppressed immune system
5) helps body deal with stress
Term
stimulation of release of cortisol
Definition
1) stress
2) inflammation
3) low blood glucose
4) ACTH
Term
inhibition of release of cortisol
Definition
1) low ACTH
2) cortisol
Term
hypersecretion effects of cortisol
Definition
1) hyperglycemia
2) increased production of fat from excess glucose
3) muscle wasting (from loss of protein)
4) edema (from loss of protein)
5) hypertension
6) frequent infection (depression of immune system)
7) hyper pigmentation of skin with Cushing's disease
Term
causes of hypersecretion of cortisol
Definition
1) Cushing's syndrome
2) Cushing's disease
Term
Cushing's syndrome
Definition
1) due to adrenal tumor
2) due to prolonged cortiosteroid use
3) low ACTH level (neg. feedback from high cortisol)
Term
Cushing's disease
Definition
caused by elevated ACTH
Term
hyposecretion effects of cortisol
Definition
1) hypoglycemia
2) hypotension
3) inability to deal with stress
4) hyperprimentation with primary adrenal insufficiency
Term
causes of hyposecretion of cortisol
Definition
1) primary adrenal insufficiency
2) secondary adrenal insuffiency
Term
primary adrenal insufficiency
Definition
1) due to Addison's
2) results in high blood ACTH (neg. feedback from low cortisol)
Term
secondary adrenal insufficiency
Definition
inadequate secretion of ACTH
Term
hormones released by the zona reticularis
Definition
androgens
Term
types of androgens
Definition
1) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
2) androstenedione
Term
DHEA
Definition
main androgen released; can be converted to testosterone by testes
Term
androstenedione
Definition
weak androgen that can be converted to testosterone
Term
effects of androgens
Definition
1) masked in males by high testosterone levels
2) only significant in females (role in libido)
Term
stimulation of release of androgens
Definition
ACTH
Term
inhibition of release of androgens
Definition
1) low blood ACTH
2) androgens
Term
hypersecretion effects of androgens
Definition
1) masculinizing effects in females
2) increased libido in women
3) early secondary sex characteristics in males
4) short stature if prior to puberty
5) ambiguous genitalia in females if prior to birth
Term
causes of hypersecretion of androgens
Definition
adrenogenital syndrome
Term
adrenogenital syndrome
Definition
caused by inability to produce cortisol and aldosterone
Term
hyposecretion effects of androgens
Definition
decreased libido in females
Term
hormones released by pancreas
Definition
1) insulin
2) glucagon
3) somatostatin
Term
functions of insulin
Definition
1) regulates blood glucose
2) increases lipogenesis in adipose tissue
3) increases protein synthesis and is protein sparing
Term
insulin is released by
Definition
beta islets of Langerhan cells (~70% of cells)
Term
stimulation of release of insulin
Definition
1) high blood glucose (main stimulus)
2) high blood amino acids
3) high blood fatty acids
Term
inhibition of release of insulin
Definition
1) low blood glucose
2) low blood amino acids
3) low blood fatty acids
4) somatostatin from delta islets of Langerhan cells
5) insulin
Term
hypersecretion effects of insulin
Definition
1) low blood glucose
2) excess fat production
3) increases protein production
4) can lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus
Term
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
1) usually due to poor lifestyle
2) also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
3) insulin resistance
4) insulin production is usually fine
Term
hyposecretion effects of insulin
Definition
due to type 1 diabetes mellitus
Term
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
1) also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
2) autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Term
Symptoms due to untreated diabetes mellitus
Definition
1) high blood glucose
2) diabetic ketoacidosis
3) failure to utilize amino acids
Term
functions of glucagon
Definition
1) raises blood glucose (via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)
2) raises blood fatty acids via lipolysis
Term
glucagaon is released by
Definition
alpha islets of Langerhan cells (~30% of cells)
Term
stimulation of release of glucagon
Definition
1) low blood glucose
2) increased blood amino acids (used for gluconeogenesis)
3) sympathetics
Term
inhibition of release of glucagon
Definition
1) insulin
2) somatostatin from delta islets of Langerhand cells
3) glucagon
Term
hypersecretion effects of glucagon
Definition
minimal effects if insulin is present
Term
hyposecretion effects of glucagon
Definition
minimal effects if insulin is present
Term
somatostatin is released by
Definition
delta islets of Langerhan cells (fraction of cells)
Term
somatostatin inhbits
Definition
insulin and glucagon
Term
function of somatostatin
Definition
aids in negative feedback regulation of insulin and glucagon
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