Term
| structures of the endocrine system |
|
Definition
1) hypothalamus
2) pituitary
3) thyroid gland
4) parathyroid glands
5) adrenal gland
6) pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced by nervous tissue |
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|
Term
| neurohormones that regulate the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
1) Growth hormone releasing hormone
2) Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
3) Gonadotropin releasing hormone
4) Prolactin releasing hormone
5) Prolactin inhibiting hormone
6) Thyrotropin releasing hormone
7) Corticotropin releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
| neurohormones that regulate the anterior pituitary are produced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other neurohormones produced by hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamohypophysial portal system (description) |
|
Definition
| blood vessels that extend from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| function of hypothalamohypophysial portal system |
|
Definition
| delivers releasing and inhibiting hormones onto the anterior pituitary |
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|
Term
| hypothalamohypophysial tract (description) |
|
Definition
| axons that extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary |
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|
Term
| function of hypothalamohypophysial tract |
|
Definition
| delivers oxytocin and ADH to the posterior pituitary |
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|
Term
| what makes up the infundibulum? |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamohypophysial portal system and tract |
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|
Term
| hypothalamus (description) |
|
Definition
| directly/indirectly regulates most endocrine activity |
|
|
Term
| how is the pituitary connected to the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two separate lobes that function independently of each other
1) posterior pituitary
2) anterior pituitary |
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|
Term
| neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
1) oxytocin
2) ADH/Vasopressin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) stimulates uterine contractions
2) stimulates release of milk from lactating breast
3) appears to facilitate sperm transport in males
4) possible effects on male sexual behavior |
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|
Term
| stimulation of release of oxytocin |
|
Definition
1) dilation of cervix
2) distension of uterus
3) suckling of breasts
4) sexual intercourse |
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|
Term
| inhibition of release of oxytocin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of oxytocin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of oxytocin |
|
Definition
1) difficulty with birthing
2) difficulty with lactation |
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|
Term
| functions of ADH/Vasopressin |
|
Definition
1) regulates blood osmolality by causing kidneys to reabsorb water into blood (decreases blood osmolality)
2) regulates blood pressure by increasing blood volume or causing blood vessels to constrict (both increase BP) |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of ADH/Vasopressin |
|
Definition
1) high blood osmolality
2) low blood volume
3) low blood pressure
4) fear
5) stress |
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|
Term
| inhibition of release of ADH/Vasopressin |
|
Definition
1) low blood osmolality
2) high blood volume
3) high blood pressure
4) ADH |
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|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of ADH/Vasopressin |
|
Definition
1) decrease in blood osmolality
2) increase in blood volume
3) increase in blood pressure |
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|
Term
| causes of hypersecretion of ADH/Vasopressin |
|
Definition
1) Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
2) pituitary tumor |
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|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of ADH/Vasopressin |
|
Definition
1) increase in blood osmolality
2) decrease in blood volume
3) decrease in blood pressure |
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|
Term
| causes of hyposecretion of ADH/Vasopressin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH |
|
Definition
| large amount of water is absorbed in the blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| water is not reabsorbed into the blood |
|
|
Term
| hormones produced and released by anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
1) growth hormone/somatotropin
2) gonadotropic hormones
3) prolactin
4) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
5) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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|
Term
| functions of growth hormone/somatotropin |
|
Definition
1) stimulates and regulates growth in most tissues
2) stimulates amino acid reuptake and their synthesis into proteins
3) increase blood fatty acids via lipolysis
4) increase blood glucose via gluconeogenesis |
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|
Term
| stimulation of release of growth hormone/somatotropin |
|
Definition
1) GHRH
2) low blood glucose
3) high blood amino acids (esp arginine)
4) low blood fatty acids
5) deep sleep (highest level)
6) stress
7) exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of growth hormone/somatotropin |
|
Definition
1) GHIH
2) high blood glucose
3) low blood amino acids
4) high blood fatty acids
5) sleep-wake transition (lowest level)
6) growth hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of growth hormone/somatotropin |
|
Definition
1) abnormal lengthening and thickening of bones
2) abnormal organ growth
3) elevated blood fatty acids
4) elevated blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| causes of hypersecretion of growth hormone/somatotropin |
|
Definition
1) pituitary gigantism/gigantism
2) acromegaly |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of pituitary gigantism/gigantism |
|
Definition
1) elevated growth hormone during childhood
2) excess deposition of cartilage at growth plates
3) thickening of bones |
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|
Term
| characteristics of acromegaly |
|
Definition
1) elevated growth hormone after puberty
2) abnormal thickening of bones
3) elevated blood fatty acids
4) elevated blood glucose
5) abnormal organ growth |
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|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of growth hormone/somatotropin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of pituitary dwarfism |
|
Definition
1) decreased growth hormone level during childhood
2) proportional, but short in stature
3) can be treated with human GH injections if caught early
4) accounts for 30% of dwarfism |
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|
Term
| 70% of dwarfism is due to |
|
Definition
| achrondroplastic dwarfism |
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|
Term
| functions of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
1) stimulates sperm production
2) stimulates estrogen production
3) helps regulate the menstrual cycle |
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|
Term
| stimulation of release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
1) GnRH
2) low blood estrogen (females)
3) low blood testosterone (males) |
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|
Term
| inhibition of release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
1) high blood estrogen
2) inhibin
3) low GnRH
4) FSH |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone released from testes and ovaries |
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|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
1) high blood estrogen
2) amenorrhea (lack of menstrual cycle) |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
1) decrease in sperm production
2) low blood estrogen
3) amenorrhea |
|
|
Term
| functions of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
Definition
1) stimulates testosterone production
2) helps regulate menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
Definition
1) GnRH
2) low blood testosterone |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
Definition
1) low GnRH
2) high blood testosterone
3) LH |
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|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
Definition
1) high blood testosterone
2) amenorrhea |
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|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
Definition
1) low blood testosterone
2) low sperm count
3) decreased libido
4) erectile dysfunction
5) amenorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) stimulates milk production in lactating females
2) stimulates breast development
3) modulates the production of testosterone and sperm in males |
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|
Term
| stimulation of release of prolactin |
|
Definition
1) estrogen
2) suckling of breasts
3) PRH
4) decreased levels of prolactin inhibitng hormone |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of prolactin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of prolactin in females |
|
Definition
1) galactorrhea (spontaneous milk production)
2) inhibits GnRH which causes amenorrhea and decreased libido |
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of prolactin in males |
|
Definition
1) gynecomastia (breast development in males)
2) inhibits GnRH which causes decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and decreased sperm production |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of prolactin in females |
|
Definition
| lack of milk production during lactation |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of prolactin in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
| stimulates thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine aka T3 and T4) |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
1) low TRH
2) T3 and T4
3) TSH |
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
| increased levels of T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) |
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|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
| decreased levels of T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) |
|
|
Term
| functions of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
1) stimulates all adrenal cortex hormones
2) stimulates melanocytes |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
1) CRH
2) low blood cortisol
3) inflammation
4) stress
5) hypoglycemia
6) sleep wake transition (highest) |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
1) low CRH level
2) high blood cortisol
3) deep sleep (lowest)
4) ACTH |
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
1) high level of adrenal cortex hormones (esp. cortisol)
2) darkened skin |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
| low level of adrenal cortex hormones (esp. cortisol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) thyroxine
2) triiodothyronine |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of Thyroxine (T4) |
|
Definition
1) contains four iodine molecules
2) more abundant (90% of circulating thyroid hormone) |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of triiodothyronine (T3) |
|
Definition
1) contains three iodine molecules
2) approximately 40% produced from de-ionization of T4
3) 5x more potent than T4 |
|
|
Term
| where are thyroxine and triiodothyronine produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are thyroxine and triiodothyronine stored? |
|
Definition
| in colloid (enough stored to last approx. 3 months) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) increase metabolism
2) increase protein synthesis
3) increase blood glucose (via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)
4) decrease plasma cholesterol
5) increase heart rate and heart contractility
6) increase respiratory rate
7) stimulate growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
1) TSH/Thyrotropin
2) increased blood iodine
3) hypoglycemia
4) cold
5) stress |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
1) decreased levels of TSH
2) decrease blood iodine
3) hyperglycemia
4) T3 and T4 |
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
1) high body temperature
2) weight loss
3) heat intolerance 4) high BP
5) increased HR 6) goiter
7) hyperexcitable due to nervous system stimulation
8) diarrhea due to stimulation of digestive tract
9) exophthalmos (protruding of eyes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucoprotein and fluid deposition behind the eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of hypersecretion of T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
1) Grave's Disease
2) Thyroid storm
3) pituitary tumor (increase TSH)
4) thyroid tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoantibodies are produced that mimic TSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) sudden release of large amounts of T3 and T4
2) caused by stress and infection
3) idiopathic |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
1) low body temperature and cold intolerance
2) dry skin and hair
3) decreased heart rate
4) low blood pressure
5) lethargy due to depression of nervous system
6) constipation due to inhibition of digestive system
7) increased plasma cholesterol
8) goiter if due to primary hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
| causes of hyposecretion of T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
1) primary hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's disease and Cretinism)
2) secondary hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
| primary hypothyroidism (description) |
|
Definition
| inability of thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 |
|
|
Term
| secondary hypothyroidism (description) |
|
Definition
| decreased TRH or TSH (also causes gland to atrophy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) iodine deficiency during pregnancy
2) iodine deficiency during infancy
3) congenital errors in T3 and T4 synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| four small glands located on the posterior/dorsal aspect of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| parathyroid gland hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| functions of parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
regulates blood calcium and blood phosphate by
1) raising blood calcium
2) decreasing blood phosphate |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
1) low blood calcium
2) high blood phosphate |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
1) high blood calcium
2) low blood phosphate
3) parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
1) osteoporosis
2) high blood calcium
3) muscle weakness
4) lethargy
5) hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
1) primary hyperparathyroidism
2) secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) approx. 90% caused by tumor
2) approx. 10% are idiopathic |
|
|
Term
| secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| caused by conditions that reduce blood calcium |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
1) low blood calcium
2) nerve discharge and seizures
3) muscle spasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
1) accidental removal during thyroidectomy
2) autoimmune
3) idiopathic
4) congenital
5) tumor |
|
|
Term
| adrenal gland consists of |
|
Definition
1) adrenal medulla (central portion)
2) adrenal cortex (outer portion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considered to be part of the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of three sub layers
1) zona glomerulosa
2) zona fasciculata
3) zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormones released by adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
1) epinephrine (adrenaline)
2) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
|
|
Term
| secretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla (percentage) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretion of norepinephrine by adrenal medulla (percentage) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
1) increase metabolic rate
2) increase heart rate
3) increase blood pressure
4) increase blood glucose by glycogenolysis
5) increase blood fatty acids by lipolysis
6) dilate airways
7) shunt blood from internal organs and skin to brain, muscles, and heart |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
sympathetic nervous system via hypothalamic stimulation from:
1) stress
2) physical activity
3) hypoglycemia
4) hypotension |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
1) hypertension
2) increased heart rate
3) hyperglycemia
4) nervousness
5) excess sweating |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormones released by zona glomerulosa |
|
Definition
| mineralocorticoids (main = aldosterone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Na+ into the blood
2) stimulates kidneys to secrete K+
3) stimulates kidneys to secrete H+ |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of aldosterone |
|
Definition
1) renin (released from the kidneys)
2) ACTH (minor role) |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of aldosterone |
|
Definition
1) high blood sodium
2) increased blood volume/blood pressure
3) aldosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of aldosterone |
|
Definition
1) hypernatremia
2) low blood potassium
3) alkalosis
4) hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of hypersecretion of aldosterone |
|
Definition
1) primary aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)
2) secondary aldosteronism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by increased renin production (renin levels are high) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by adrenal cortex tumor; low renin due to negative feedback |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of aldosterone |
|
Definition
1) hyponatremia
2) hyperkalemia
3) acidosis
4) hypotension |
|
|
Term
| causes of hyposecretion of aldosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| hormones released by the zona fasciculata |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids (main = cortisol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) increases blood glucose via gluconeogenesis
2) anti-inflammatory
3) maintenance of blood vessel tone
4) suppressed immune system
5) helps body deal with stress |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of cortisol |
|
Definition
1) stress
2) inflammation
3) low blood glucose
4) ACTH |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of cortisol |
|
Definition
1) hyperglycemia
2) increased production of fat from excess glucose
3) muscle wasting (from loss of protein)
4) edema (from loss of protein)
5) hypertension
6) frequent infection (depression of immune system)
7) hyper pigmentation of skin with Cushing's disease |
|
|
Term
| causes of hypersecretion of cortisol |
|
Definition
1) Cushing's syndrome
2) Cushing's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) due to adrenal tumor
2) due to prolonged cortiosteroid use
3) low ACTH level (neg. feedback from high cortisol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of cortisol |
|
Definition
1) hypoglycemia
2) hypotension
3) inability to deal with stress
4) hyperprimentation with primary adrenal insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| causes of hyposecretion of cortisol |
|
Definition
1) primary adrenal insufficiency
2) secondary adrenal insuffiency |
|
|
Term
| primary adrenal insufficiency |
|
Definition
1) due to Addison's
2) results in high blood ACTH (neg. feedback from low cortisol) |
|
|
Term
| secondary adrenal insufficiency |
|
Definition
| inadequate secretion of ACTH |
|
|
Term
| hormones released by the zona reticularis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
2) androstenedione |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main androgen released; can be converted to testosterone by testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weak androgen that can be converted to testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) masked in males by high testosterone levels
2) only significant in females (role in libido) |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of androgens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of androgens |
|
Definition
1) low blood ACTH
2) androgens |
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of androgens |
|
Definition
1) masculinizing effects in females
2) increased libido in women
3) early secondary sex characteristics in males
4) short stature if prior to puberty
5) ambiguous genitalia in females if prior to birth |
|
|
Term
| causes of hypersecretion of androgens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by inability to produce cortisol and aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of androgens |
|
Definition
| decreased libido in females |
|
|
Term
| hormones released by pancreas |
|
Definition
1) insulin
2) glucagon
3) somatostatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) regulates blood glucose
2) increases lipogenesis in adipose tissue
3) increases protein synthesis and is protein sparing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta islets of Langerhan cells (~70% of cells) |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of insulin |
|
Definition
1) high blood glucose (main stimulus)
2) high blood amino acids
3) high blood fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of insulin |
|
Definition
1) low blood glucose
2) low blood amino acids
3) low blood fatty acids
4) somatostatin from delta islets of Langerhan cells
5) insulin |
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of insulin |
|
Definition
1) low blood glucose
2) excess fat production
3) increases protein production
4) can lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) usually due to poor lifestyle
2) also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
3) insulin resistance
4) insulin production is usually fine |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of insulin |
|
Definition
| due to type 1 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
2) autoimmune destruction of beta cells |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms due to untreated diabetes mellitus |
|
Definition
1) high blood glucose
2) diabetic ketoacidosis
3) failure to utilize amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) raises blood glucose (via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)
2) raises blood fatty acids via lipolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alpha islets of Langerhan cells (~30% of cells) |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of release of glucagon |
|
Definition
1) low blood glucose
2) increased blood amino acids (used for gluconeogenesis)
3) sympathetics |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of release of glucagon |
|
Definition
1) insulin
2) somatostatin from delta islets of Langerhand cells
3) glucagon |
|
|
Term
| hypersecretion effects of glucagon |
|
Definition
| minimal effects if insulin is present |
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion effects of glucagon |
|
Definition
| minimal effects if insulin is present |
|
|
Term
| somatostatin is released by |
|
Definition
| delta islets of Langerhan cells (fraction of cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aids in negative feedback regulation of insulin and glucagon |
|
|
