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ANT 3120: Chapter 17
Notes
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Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/13/2013

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Term
endocrine system contains
Definition
specialized tissues and glands that produce and release hormones
Term
function of hormones
Definition
regulate many activities that allow for communication between cells
Term
endocrine signalling
Definition
1) hormone released into blood
2) hormone circulates in the blood to their target cells
3) hormone affects the activity of their target cells
Term
two major classes of hormones
Definition
1) protein hormones
2) lipid hormones
Term
protein hormones are
Definition
water soluble, proteins, polypeptides, and peptides, amino acid derivatives/amines
Term
lipid hormones are
Definition
relatively small, lipid soluble
Term
hormone-like substances
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
prostaglandins are
Definition
group of lipid derivatives that are synthesized by most tissues in the body
Term
series 1 and 3 prostaglandins
Definition
considered to have beneficial effects (dilate airways, reduce inflammation and pain)
Term
series 2 prostaglandins
Definition
considered to have harmful effects (constrict airways, cause inflammation, pain and fever)
Term
prostaglandins have a
Definition
short half-life (would lose their efficacy if transported in the blood to distant cells)
Term
prostaglandin signaling
Definition
paracrine or autocrine
Term
paracrine signaling
Definition
release of a substance from a cell that acts on a nearby cell
Term
autocrine signaling
Definition
release of a substance from a cell that acts on that same cell
Term
feedback mechanisms
Definition
1) negative feedback
2) positive feedback
Term
negative feedback dysfunction
Definition
1) hyposecretion
2) hypersecretion
Term
hyposecretion
Definition
too little secretion
Term
hypersecretion
Definition
too much secretion
Term
patterns of regulation
Definition
1) non-hormonal
2) neural
3) hormonal
Term
non hormonal regulation
Definition
substance (other than hormone) regulates release of a hormone
Term
neural regulation
Definition
nervous system regulates release of a hormone
Term
hormonal regulaton
Definition
hormone from one gland regulates release of a hormone from another gland
Term
pattern of hormone release
Definition
1) chronic
2) acute
3) cyclic
Term
chronic hormone release
Definition
release of hormone is relatively constant
Term
acute hormone release
Definition
release of hormone in response to some stimulus
Term
concentration in circulating hormone in chronic hormone release
Definition
relatively constant
Term
circulating hormone in acute hormone release
Definition
rapid and transient increase
Term
cyclic hormone release
Definition
release of hormone at set times during the day or month
Term
circulating hormone in cyclic hormone release
Definition
increase or decrease in circulating hormone at set times during the day/month
Term
receptors
Definition
specialized structures on or in target cells that bind hormones; hormone must bind to receptor to have an effect on the cell
Term
specificity
Definition
specific hormones bind to specific receptors at receptor/active site
Term
specificity is dictated by
Definition
structure
Term
agonist
Definition
stimulates action of receptor
Term
antagonist/blocker
Definition
inhibits the action of the receptor
Term
interactions between receptor and hormone
Definition
1) desensitization
2) sensitization
3) additive effect
4) synergistic effect
Term
desensitization occurs
Definition
occurs with prolonged and constant stimulation of receptor
Term
effect of desensitization
Definition
normal amount of hormone is not inadequate to produce a normal response
Term
causes of desensitization
Definition
1) sensitivity of receptor for agonist decreases
2)down-regulation
3) uncoupling
Term
down-regulation
Definition
decrease in number of receptors
Term
decrease in number of receptors causes
Definition
1) rate of receptor synthesis slowed
2) rate of receptor degradation accelerated
Term
uncoupling
Definition
receptor is detached from the structure it activates
Term
sensitization
Definition
sensitivity of the receptor for agonist increases
Term
upregulation
Definition
increase in number of receptors
Term
increase in number of receptors causes
Definition
1) rate of receptor synthesis accelerated
2) rate of receptor degradation slowed
Term
permissive effect
Definition
one hormone up-regulates the receptor of another hormone
Term
additive effect
Definition
effect of two hormones together on a target cell is equal to the sum of their individual effects
Term
synergistic effect
Definition
effect of two hormones together on a target cell is greater than the additive effect of the two hormones individually on that target cell
Term
location of action on target cell
Definition
1) plasma membrane receptors
2) intracellular receptors
Term
plasma membrane receptors are bound by
Definition
protein hormones
Term
bound plasma membrane receptor
Definition
initiates a cascade of events within the cell (second messenger cascade)
Term
intracellular receptors are bound by
Definition
lipid hormones
Term
intracellular receptors are contained
Definition
within the cytoplasm or nucleus
Term
bound intracellular receptor
Definition
interacts with enzymes or DNA
Term
G proteins activate calcium channels
Definition
increases intracellular calcium
Term
G proteins activate adenylate cyclase
Definition
enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Term
G proteins activate phospholipase C
Definition
enzyme that converts PIP2) into IP3 and DAG
Term
effect of calcium channels
Definition
causes some effect within the cell
Term
effects of cAMP
Definition
activates other enzymes within the cell
Term
effects of DAG
Definition
activates other enzymes within the cell
Term
effects of IP3
Definition
causes an increase in intracellular calcium
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