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ANT 3100: Chapter 16
Physiology
79
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/01/2012

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Term
PNS receptors
Definition
gather stimuli in the PNS and send that information to the CNS to be integrated; information sent by sensory axons
Term
types of somatic receptors
Definition
1) exteroceptors
2) propriocecptors
Term
description of somatic receptors
Definition
located in the skin, muscles, and joints
Term
exteroceptors
Definition
sense changes at the body surface and muscles (touch, pressure, pain receptors)
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
sense changes in muscles, tendons, and body position (golgi tendon organ, muscle spindles)
Term
description of autonomic/viscera receptors
Definition
located in the viscera
Term
visceroceptors
Definition
sense changes in viscera: BP, pH, carbon dioxide, osmolality; baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors
Term
3 functions of receptors
Definition
1) absorb energy from a stimulus
2) transduce energy of the stimulus into electrical energy
3) depolarization of the receptor potential
Term
sensory adaptation
Definition
adaptation to a constant stimulus by a receptor; results in cessation of action potentials over time
Term
do phasic receptors adapt?
Definition
YES
Term
do tonic receptors adapt?
Definition
NO
Term
description of phasic receptors
Definition
stimulus needs to be maintained; slow or rapid adaption (temperature/pressure receptors)
Term
description of tonic receptors
Definition
action potential frequency is unchanged with constant stimulus; pain receptors/most visceroceptors
Term
description of somatic nervous system
Definition
detects changes in external environment and relays info to CNS; controls motor movement; voluntary
Term
effectors of motor output in somatic nervous system
Definition
skeletal muscles
Term
sensory neuropathy
Definition
dysfunction of sensory nerves
Term
symptoms of sensory neuropathy
Definition
pins, needles, burning, numbness
Term
motor neuropathy
Definition
dysfunction of motor nerves
Term
symptoms of motor neuropathy
Definition
muscle weakness and muscle atrophy
Term
description of autonomic nervous system
Definition
detects changes in the internal environment and relays information to the CNS; controls visceral tissues to help maintain homeostasis; involuntary
Term
effectors of motor output in autonomic nervous system
Definition
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, cells of visceral organs
Term
2 efferent motor neurons between the CNS and effector
Definition
1) preganglionic neuron
2) postganglionic neuron
Term
neuropathy in autonomic nervous system
Definition
would lead to lack of autonomic regulation
Term
preganglionic neuron
Definition
arise from CNS and synapses with postganglionic neuron; myelinated
Term
postganglonic neuron
Definition
synapses with preganglionic neurons; synapses/transmits motor information to effectors; unmyelinated
Term
preganglionic neuron of Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
short and originate in lateral horns
Term
postganglionic neuron of Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
long and innervate organs; many postganglionic per preganglionic
Term
paravertebral sympathetic ganglion chain (Sympathetic Nervous System)
Definition
ganglia located bilaterally along the length of the vertebral column
Term
where are most postganglionic neuronal cell bodies located?
Definition
in paravertebral sympathetic ganglion chain
Term
collateral ganglia (Sympathetic Nervous System)
Definition
ganglia located in abdomen
Term
where are some postganglionic neuronal cell bodies located?
Definition
in collateral ganglia
Term
preganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system
Definition
cholinergic (releases ACh); binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neuron
Term
postganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system
Definition
adrenergic (releases norepinephrine)
Term
norepinephrine binds to two types of andrengeric receptors
Definition
1) alpha receptors
2) beta receptors
Term
(exception) sweat glands are innervated by
Definition
cholinergic neurons
Term
types of Alpha (α) receptors
Definition
1) α-1
2) α-2
Term
is α-1 receptor excitatory or inhibitory?
Definition
both: excitatory or inhibitory
Term
α-1 receptor excites
Definition
smooth muscle of most blood vessels (causes constriction)
Term
α-1 receptor inhibits
Definition
smooth muscle of digestive tract (causes digestive tract to relax)
Term
is α-2 receptor excitatory or inhibitory?
Definition
mainly inhibitory
Term
α-2 receptor inhibits
Definition
postganglionic release of ACh or NE
Term
types of Beta (β) receptors
Definition
1) β-1
2) β-2
3) β-3
Term
is β-1 receptor excitatory or inhibitory?
Definition
mainly excitatory
Term
is β-2 receptor excitatory or inhibitory?
Definition
mainly inhibitory
Term
is β-3 receptor excitatory or inhibitory?
Definition
mainly excitatory
Term
β-1 receptor excites
Definition
cardiac muscle and conduction system (increases heart rate and heart contractility)
Term
β-2 receptor inhibits
Definition
1) smooth muscle of airways (causes airways to relax)
2) inhibits smooth muscle of blood vessels serving the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle (causes blood vessels to relax)
Term
β-3 receptor is found
Definition
found mainly in adipose tissue (causes lipolysis)
Term
common drugs that act on α receptors
Definition
1) phentolamine
2) pseudoephedrine
Term
phentolamine is used to treat
Definition
high blood pressure
Term
description of phentolamine
Definition
α-1 antagonist/blocker; causes most blood vessels to relax
Term
description of pseudoephedrine
Definition
α-1 agonist/activator; causes most blood vessels to constrict
Term
pseudoephedrine is used as
Definition
a decongestant
Term
common drugs that act on β receptors
Definition
1) metoprolol
2) albuterol/isoproterenol
3) beta blockers
Term
metoprolol
Definition
β-1 antagonist/blocker; causes a decrease in heart rate and contractility
Term
metoprolol is used to treat
Definition
high blood pressure
Term
albuterol/isoproterenol
Definition
β-2 activator/agonist
Term
albuterol/isoproterenol is used to treat
Definition
obstructive lung diseases
Term
beta blockers that act on β-receptors
Definition
constrict airways
Term
preganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
long and originates in the brainstem and sacral region
Term
preganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system synapses with
Definition
postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia
Term
postganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
short and innervate organs; few postganglionic neurons per preganglionic neuron
Term
preganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
cholinergic; ACh binds to nicotinic receptors
Term
postganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
cholinergic; ACh binds to muscarinic receptors
Term
compared to nicotinic receptors, muscarinic receptors are
Definition
slow acting
Term
75% of all parasympathetic output is from the
Definition
vagus nerve (CNX)
Term
postganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system excites
Definition
1) smooth muscle of digestive tract (contract)
2) smooth muscle of airways (constrict)
3) smooth muscle of bladder (constrict)
Term
postganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system inhibits
Definition
conduction system of heart (decreases heart rate)
Term
common drugs that work on muscarinic receptors
Definition
1) atropine
2) ipratropium
3) oxybutynin
4) pilocarpine
Term
atropine
Definition
muscarinic receptor antagionist/blocker
Term
atropine is used
Definition
1) to treat spasms of digestive tract
2) as a mydriatic (dilates pupils)
Term
ipratropium
Definition
muscarinic receptor antagonist/blocker
Term
ipratropium is used to treat
Definition
obstructive lung disease
Term
oxybutynin
Definition
muscarinic receptor antagonist/blocker
Term
oxybutynin is used to treat
Definition
1) urinary frequency
2) profuse sweating (hyperhidrosis)
Term
pilocarpine
Definition
muscarinic receptor agonist/activator
Term
pilocarpine is used
Definition
during iontophoresis sweat test
Term
visceral tissue innervated solely by sympathetics
Definition
1) smooth muscle of blood vessels
2) adrenal glands
3) sweat glands
4) arrector pili muscles of integument
5) adipose tissue
Term
visceral tissue innervated solely by parasympathetics
Definition
smooth muscle of the bladder
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