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AnSci 1100 Prelim 3
Flashcards to help study for the Cornell AnSci 1100 Prelim #3
41
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
11/19/2013

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Cards

Term
Define paracrine effect with an example
Definition
When prostacyclin diffuses away from its site of production or is washed away by blood flow
Term
Endocrine vs. Exocrine glands
Definition
-Exocrine glands have ducts to carry their secretions to specific locations. ex: salivary glands
-Endocrine glands are glands of "internal secretion" whose secretions are usually sent directly into the blood
Term
Define hormone. What are the chemical classes? Give examples
Definition
hormone: chemical messenger that functions in extremely small concentrations
-chemical classes: peptides (cholecystokinin), steroids (testosterone), amines (T3)
Term
What are eicosanoids? How do they bring about a biological effect? 3 examples
Definition
-the general term for compounds that are chemical derivatives of long-chain fatty acids
-they function near the site of origin are are rapidly metabolized after entering the blood stream
-examples: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
Term
What are some of the functions of prostaglandins? What is the link btwn. prostaglandins and NSAIDS?
Definition
-functions: regulation of blood vessel diameter, inflammation, blood clotting, uterine contraction during parturition, and ovulation
-NSAIDs inhibit the production of prostaglandins associated with inflammation
Term
What are some of the actions mediated by leukotrienes?
Definition
allergic reactions
Term
How does estrogen prepare the uterus for contractions during parturition?
Definition
increases oxytocin receptors in the smooth muscle of the uterus which prepares the uterus so that oxytocin can promote uterine contractions
Term
What is a second messenger? Give examples
Definition
-intracellular compounds that function as an intermediate in the sequence of steps leading to the biological response
-example: cAMP, DAG, IP3
Term
What is feedback regulation of hormone release? give an example for a positive and negative feedback regulation
Definition
-negative feedback: the rising levels of the hormone bring about a biologic response that inhibits further hormone release. example: B cells in the pancreatic islets directly affected by glucose concentration
-positive feedback: hormone brings about a biological response that produces a further increase in the release of the hormone. example: the relationship between oxytocin release and dilation of the uterine cervix
Term
What are the hormones produced by the adenohypohysis?
Definition
-Growth hormone (GH): regulator of metabolism during starvation, deficits in plasma glucose, or hibernation. excessive GH leads to gigantism
Term
What are the hormones produced by the neurohypophysis? Give their actions
Definition
-oxytocin: induces contraction of target smooth muscle fibers of the mammary gland and the uterus
-ADH: produced during dehydration. constricts blood vessels
Term
What are the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla?
Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine: released in times of stress
Term
Describe the organization of the adrenal cortex. What are the different hormones produced in these layers?
Definition
-the adrenal cortex is split into three layers, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticular is, and all hormones secreted from these 3 zones are steroid hormone
-zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone)
-zona fasciculata and zona reticularis: glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)
Term
What is the specific action of aldosterone and how is it regulated?
Definition
-regulates sodium and potassium balance
-regulated by the serum potassium concentration and the renin-angiotensin system
Term
Which region of the adrenal gland responds to ACTH?
Definition
the zona fasciculata and reticularis
Term
What are the actions of glucocorticoids?
Definition
inhibit inflammatory and immune responses as well as increase the rate of gluconeogenesis
Term
At therapeutic doses, how to glucocorticoids bring about suppression of an inflammatory response?
Definition
produces blood levels that are much higher than those seen in normal animals
Term
What's the difference btwn. T3 and T4? Which has more biological potential?
Definition
-T4 plasma levels are much higher
-intracellular receptors for thyroid hormone have a higher affinity for T3
-T3 has more biological potential
Term
What are C cells? What do they produce?
Definition
-C Cells are thyroid cells scattered among the follicular lining cells
-C cells produce calcitonin
Term
What is the function of calcitonin? How's it regulated?
Definition
-lowers the blood level of calcium by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts
-regulated by the negative feedback of serum calcium concentration on C Cells
Term
What are the actions of thyroid hormone? What is its target tissue?
Definition
-necessary for normal growth and development in young animals as well as regulation of basal metabolic rate in the adult
-almost all tissues of the body are target tissues
Term
Where is the parathyroid gland? How is parathyroid hormone secretion regulated?
Definition
-one pair is visible outside the thyroid gland while the second is buried in the substance of the thyroid
-the only significant regulator of PTH is the concentration of ionized calcium in the blood plamsa
Term
Define antigen
Definition
a molecule that can stimulate an immune response. non-self or foreign cells or substances
Term
Define autoimmune disorder. Give an example
Definition
-Disorder one is born with. Body thinks its own cells are antigens
-Example: Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Term
MHC Class I vs. MHC Class II
Definition
-Class 1: flags non-self components. peptides from endogenously synthesized proteins. found in all cells
-Class 2: attracts a specific T-helper cell to "double check" the flagged cell. peptides from phagocytosis of particles/pathogens. only in antigen presenting cells
Term
Describe the three types of grafts
Definition
Xenograft: rejected within hours
Allograft: rejected within 1-2 weeks
Autograft: stays forever
Term
Define the innate immune response and name the components of it.
Definition
-non-specific defenses
-Components:
--complement system, phagocytes, cytokines (pyrogen, chemokines, interferons), and natural killer cells
Term
What is chemotaxis?
Definition
mass movement of leukocytes to site of antigen
-basophils release histamine and inflammation occurs
-direct attack on bacterial cell wall
Term
What is oponization?
Definition
-facilitation of engulfment by phagocytes
-holes are drilled in rather than total engulfment
Term
Define the adaptive immune response and name the components of it
Definition
-specific immune response. quick, response/attack on specific antigens
-components:
--antigen recognition, antibody production, cytotoxic attack on infected cells, immunologic memory, regulation of specific immune response
Term
What are the 7 types of lymphocytes?
Definition
-B cells
-memory b cells
-t helper cells
-memory t helper cells
-cytotoxic t cell
-memory cytotoxic t cell
-natural killer cell
Term
What is a isotype switch? When does it occur?
Definition
-B cell becomes a plasma cell.
-Changes immunoglobulin class
-occurs only when B cell is activated by free antigen
Term
Name the 4 immunoglobulin classes and general characteristics
Definition
-IgG: most abundant in circulation. protective against bacteria and viruses, provides for passive immunity in newborns
-IgA: found in epithelial and mucous membrane secretions. provides local protection against bacteria and viruses
-IgE: contributes to allergic responses as well as protection against parasites
-IgM: first Ig produced by plasma cells in response to exposure to antigen. contributes to natural antibodies
Term
What is passive immunity?
Definition
The temporary immunity achieved by transferring immunoglobulins or T cells from an animal with active immunity to another that has not encountered the antigen involved.
Term
What provides passive immunity for calves?
Definition
Colostrum: the first milk. it is rich in immunoglobulins
Term
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
Definition
Spleen
Term
What is the function of the spleen?
Definition
a storage area for red blood cells as well as a site for the breakdown of red blood cells
Term
What is the function of they thymus?
Definition
"training ground" for immune cells. lymphocytes are developed and checked here. it destroys immune cells that don't function well or bind to self-cells
Term
What is a tonsil?
Definition
an unencapsulated aggregate of lymphatic nodules that lacks afferent lymphatic vessels. has crypts to increase surface area to make contact with antigens
Term
Which cells undergo clonal expansion and why?
Definition
B cells and T cells in order to make more of itself to combat the antigen detected
Term
What is the basis for vaccination
Definition
memory cells
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