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Definition
| Any of a group of organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition |
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| Fat soluble vitamins vs water soluble vitamins |
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Definition
| Fat soluble vitamins have a much higher potential for toxicity than water soluble vitamins |
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| Absorbed in the small intestine and excreted in urine |
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| Digested and absorbed using the same mechanisms as dietary fat and their metabolites are excreted primarily in the feces through the bile |
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| The fat soluble vitamins are |
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Definition
| Vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K |
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| Vitamin D2 and D3 are called |
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Definition
| Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol, respectively |
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| The water soluble vitamins are |
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Definition
| Vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, and C |
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Definition
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Definition
| Riboflavin and nicotinamide |
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Forms: Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and beta-carotene
Function: Normal night vision, lining the respiratory and digestive cavities, skin, and urogenital regions; and normal bone growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous, vascular, and retina |
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Term
| Pathway of light in the eye |
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Definition
| Cornea -> aqueous humor -> lens -> vitreous humor -> retina |
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Definition
| Allow animals to process black and white images in dim light |
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Definition
| Allow animals to process color images |
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Definition
| Light sensitive pigment that enables the eye to adapt to changes in light intensity visual; made up of retinal and opsin |
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Term
| Animal with the highest amount of stored vitamin A |
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Definition
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| Animal with the lowest amount of stored vitamin A |
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Definition
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Definition
Forms: Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol
Function: Regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcitriol: promotes absorption of calcium in the bone and intestines |
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Definition
Forms: Tocopherols and tocotrienols
Function: Is a potent antioxidant |
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Definition
| Group of vitamins/enzymes that defend against free radicals |
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Definition
| Are problematic because they are capable of damaging cell membranes, enzymes, and DNA |
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Definition
Forms: Phylloquinone and menaquinone
Function: Aids in the blood clotting mechanism (hemostasis) |
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Term
| Three phases of hemostasis |
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Definition
Vascular spasm: Blood vessel constricts to limit blood escape
Platelet plug formation: Platelets arrive at site of injury and stick to exposed collagen fibers
Coagulation: Converts inactive proteins to active forms, which forms fibrin strands of a blood clot |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors needed for clotting found in blood |
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| Factors needed for clotting found outside of blood |
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| Sweet clover contains a compound called coumarin which gets converted by mold into dicoumarol and is an anticoagulant which causes hemorrhaging |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Deficiency symptoms of water soluble vitamins |
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Definition
| Decreased appetite, poor growth, decreased production, goose stepping, and anemia |
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Definition
Result of vitamin C deficiency
Symptoms include impaired wound healing, capillary bleeding, anemia, and faulty bone formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce hormones that circulate in the bloodstream, lack ducts, and bind to target cells |
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Definition
| Non-hormonal substances, have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface |
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| Endocrine system functions |
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Definition
| Controls and integrates reproduction, growth, development, maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood; digestion, cellular metabolism, energy balance, and mobilization of body defenses |
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Definition
| Mechanism used for maintaining homeostasis: stimulus -> receptor -> control center -> effector -> response |
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Definition
| Maintaining a stable state |
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Definition
Has both exocrine and endocrine cells
Acinar cells (exocrine) produce enzyme rich juice for digestion
Pancreatic islets contain endocrine cells: alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin |
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Definition
| When blood sugar is high, insulin binds to the receptor of a cell which allows for glucose to leave the bloodstream and enter the cell |
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Definition
| When blood sugar is low, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen (storage form of glucose) |
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Definition
| Period of storing nutrients, lasts for ~4 hours after a meal |
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| Period of releasing stored nutrients |
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Definition
| Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency |
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Definition
| Insufficient insulin produced, requires daily injections |
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Definition
| Insulin is produced, but the body doesn't utilize it |
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| Potential factors for dogs and cats developing diabetes |
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Definition
| Genetics, pancreatitis, obesity, drugs, etc. |
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Definition
| Ideal tool for differentiating the problem of short duration of insulin activity versus the Somogyi effect |
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Definition
| The tendency of the body to react to extremely low blood sugar by overcompensating and resulting in high blood sugar |
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| Symptoms of diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
| Increased thirst, increased urine output, and increased appetite |
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Definition
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Term
| Some recommended daily treatments for diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
| Correct obesity, control caloric intake, increase exercise, avoid excessive amounts of insulin, etc. |
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Term
| Testing found in veterinary medicine |
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Definition
| Vet will listen for abnormal heart, lung, or digestive system sounds, may press on the pet's gum then release to see how long it takes for the capillaries in the gums to refill, check for enlargement of lymph nodes |
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