What are the functions of the ANS? 3

a.  What are visceral reflexes?

1.  controls visceral reflexes

2.  maintains homeostasis over all organ systems

3.  regulates BP/thermoregulation/digestion and elimination

Compare and contrast the somatic system and the ANS.  5 things

a.  control of motor output

b.  motor pathways

c.  effectors

d.  effect on target cells

e.  neurotransmitters

a. control of motor input

somatic=voluntary

ANS=involuntary

b.  motor(efferent)pathways

somatic=one nerve fiber from CNS

ANS=two nerve fibers ; preganglionic` and postganglionic

c.  effectors

somatic=skeletal

ANS=cardiac, smooth muscles and glands

d.  effect on target cells

somatic=excitatory

ANS=excitatory or inhibitory

e.  neurotransmitters

somatic=release Ach

ANS=Ach and Ne

What are the three pathways that the pre-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division can take

a.  List the prevertebral ganglia discussed in class

1.  synapse with postganglionic neurons

2.  travel up and down sympathetic chains before synapsing

3.  pass thru the sympathetic chains without synapsing

Prevertebral ganglia=

1. celiac-stomach, liver, spleen, kidney, small intestine

2.  anterior mesenteric-small intestine, colon

3.  inferior mesenteric-colon, bladder, reproductive organs

Parasympathetic=rest or digest

What are the physiological responses/ effects of this division? 7 things

1.  conserve energy

2.  salivation and lacrimation

3.  urination

4.  digestion and defecation

5.  lowered heart rate

6.  pupil constriction

7.  bronchiole constriction

Matching

1.  nicotonic receptors   A.  Ach either inhibitory or excitatory

2.  muscarinic receptors  B.  NE or E, usually inhibitory

3.  alpha adrenergic receptors   C.  Ach; excitatory

4.  beta adrenergic receptors   D.  NE or E;  usually excitatory

1-C

2-A

3-D

4-B

sympathetic=fight or flight

a.  What are the physiological effects of this division?

b.  Why are the physiological effects of the sympathetic division longer lasting?

a. 1. increased heart rate

 2. increased blood pressure

3. increased glucose catabolism

 4. decreased digestion, urination, and defecation

b.  Because NE and E are released as hormones into the bloodstream

90% of all preganlionic parasympathetic fibers are found in the

a.  facial nerves

b.  vagus nerves

c.  glossopharyngeal nerves

d.  trigeminal nerves

e.  oculomotor nerves

A common characteristic shared by the ANS and somatic neurons

a.  are always inhibitory

b.  have motor fibers

c.  are always stimulatatory

d.  have the same effectors

e.  have the same efferent pathway

Give examples of cholinergic fibers

a.  What neurotransmitter is released?

1.  parasympathetic=  pre and post ganglionic fibers

2.  sympathetic=preganglionic fibers

a.  Ach is released

Which of the following activities is associated with the parasympathetic division?

a.  emergency

b.  diuresis

c.  embarrassment

d.  exercise

e.  excitement

Give examples of adrenergic fibers

a.  What neurotransmitter is released?

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

a.  NE is released

Which of the following does not use Ach?

a.  sympathetic postganglionic fibers

b.  parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

c.  somatic motor neurons

d.  autonomic preganglionic fibers

e.  neruomuscular junctions

Give examples of cholinergic receptors

a.  Where mare they found?

b.  What is their effect?

1.  nicotinic

a.  On all post-ganglionic neurons

b.  adrenal medulla

c.  excitatory

2.  muscarinic

a.  On cardiac ,smooth and glands, this is parasympathetic, excitatory or inhibitory

Which is a hormone and a neurotransmitter?

a.  muscarine

b.  Ach

c.  NE

d.  dopamine

e.  nicotine

Give examples of adrenergic receptors

a.  Where are they found?

1. b.  What is their effect?

1.  Alpha-1 NE or E, usually excitatory

2.  Beta-1 regulates heart rate doesn't allow it to increase NE and E

3.  Beta-2 smooth muscles airways and blood vessels, NE and E

Which of the following would not occur when the parasympathetic system is active

a.  GI activity

b.  Low normal blood pressure

c.  cold skin

d.  constricted pupils

e.  quiet breathing

compare and contrast the structure and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

a.  Regions of the spinal cord where pre-ganglionic neurons are located

b.  Length of pre-ganglionic fibers

i.  Termination point of pre-ganglionic fibers

ii.  Neurotransmitters secreted

c.  Length of post-ganglionic fibers

i.  Termination point of post-ganglionic fibers

a.  sympathetic=thoracolumbar

parasympathetic=brain stem to sacral region of the spinal cord

b.  sympathetic=short

parasympathetic=long

i.  sympathetic=sympathetic ganglionic chain

parasympathetic=structures innervated

ii.  sympathetic=NE and E

parasympathetic=Ach and cholinergic fibers

c.  sympathetic=long

parasympathetic=short

ii.  sympathetic=NE and E

parasympathetic=Ach

d.  sympathetic=fight or flight

parasympathetic=rest or digest

Consticts eye pupils, decreases heart rate, sympathetic or parasympathetic

Which of the following does not take place during vigorous activity?

a.  increased digestive activity

b.  decreased urinary motility

c.  constriction of visceral blood vessels

d.  increase in glucose release

e.  bronchiole dilation

Give examples of both unecapsulated and encapsulated receptors

a.  Where in the body would each be found?

b.  What is the function of each receptor?

1.  unencapsulated=free nerve endings=bare dendrites

-warm and cold receptors, pain, tickle and itch

tactile(Merkel)discs

-light touch texture

hair follicle receptors

hair movements

2.  encapsulated nerve endings=Meisner corpsucles=fine touch and texture

Pacinian corpsucles=deep pressure and vibration

Postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine;adrenergic fibers

sympathetic or parasympathetic

Effectors of the somatic nervous system have

a.  beta adrenergic receptors

b.  alpha adrenergic receptors

c.  autonomic receptors

d.  cholinergic receptors

causes dry mouth, dilates bronchioles

sympathetic or parasympathetic

Where are pain receptors found?

a.  Where are they absent?

b.  What is the difference between fast and slow pain?

c.  What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain?

d.  Where in the CNS are pathways projected?

Everywhere except the brain

superficial=fast

deep=slow

cornea

Preganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine; cholinergic fibers

sympathetic or parasympathetic

Which of the following effectors are not under control of the ANS?

a.  viscera

b.  gland

c.  cardiac muscles

d.  skeletal muscles

Has more specific control

sympathetic or parasympathetic

What do all preganglionic axons in the ANS release?

What do all postganglionic axons in the ANS release?

Ach

Ach or NE

Long preganglionic axon, short postganglionic axon

sympathetic or parasympathetic

The division of the ANS that puts you into "fight or flight" mode is

a.  cerebral cortical branch

b.  sympathetic division

c.  somatic branch

d.  parasympathetic division

fight or flight system

sympathetic or parasympathetic

Are preganglionic nerve cell bodies in the CNS myelinated or unmylinated?

Post ganglionic?  Where do they extend?

mylinated/unmylinated

From the ganglion to the effector

short preganglionic axon, long postganglionic axon

sympathetic or parasympathetic

All of the following characterize the ANS except

a.  the two neuron efferent chain

b.  the prescence of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

c.  The presence of nerve cell bodies in the ganglia

d.  innervation of skeletal muscles

Normally in control

sympathetic or parasympathetic

CNS=1

ANS=2

Arises from cranial and sacral nerves

sympathetic or parasympathetic

Mark each of these sympathetic or parasympathetic

1.  short preganglionic/ long postganglionic

2.  intramural ganglia

3.  cranial sacral outflow

4.  adrenergic fibers

5.  cervical ganglia

6.  otic and ciliary ganglia

7.  generally short duration action

8.  increases heart rate and blood pressure

1-S

2-P

3-P

4-S

5-S

6-P

7-P

8-S

Arises from spinal nerves T1 to L3

sympathetic or parasympathetic

sympathetic

Neurotransmitters released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers going to the heart would cause

a.  an increase in rate, but decrease in force

b.  a decrease in both

c.  a decrease in rate, but increase in force

d.  an increase in rate and force of contraction

Arises from sacral and cranial nerves

sympathetic or parasympathetic

parasympathetic

somatic=Ach

ANS=Ach and NE

preganglion release Ach

postganglion release Ach or NE

Which of the following gets its autonomic innervation exclusively from the sympathetic division?

a.  lungs

b.  eye

c.  heart

  d.  penis

e.  skin

somatic=skeletal

ANS=cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

The ANS differs from the somatic nervous in all areas except

a.  its effectors

b.  the structural characteristics of its neurons

c.  its efferent pathways

d.  its target organs

somatic=always excitatory

ANS=excitatory or inhibitory

During vigorous activity which of the following actions would be dampened?

a.  respiratory rate

b.  digestion of food

c.  blood flow of cardiac activity

d. glucose release into the bloodstream

What is the difference between pre-ganglionic, presynaptic and post-synaptic neurons?

What is the ANS composed of?

pre=the neuron before the ganglion.  It is myelinated and terminates on the automatic ganglion

post=neurons found in the ganglion unmyelinated.  Extends from the ganglion to the effector

Which does not have preganglionic fibers from the parasympathetic system

a.  oculomotor

b. accessory

c.  facial

d.  vagus

What viscera is served by the sympathetic division?

3 areas

1.  celiac=stomach, liver, spleen, kidney, small intestine

2.  anterior messenteric=small intestine and colon

3.  inferior messenteric=colon, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs

The vagus nerve sends branches to all of the following except

a.  esophogeal plexus

b.  aortic plexus

c.  brachial plexus

d.  respiratory plexus

What are the parasympathetic fibers of the cranial nerves?

What do the vagus nerves give rise to?  80-90%

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal

vagus

vagus=plexi, cardiac, pulmonary and esophogeal

The vagus nerve supplies all the following except

a.  heart

b.  small intestine

c.  pancreas

d.  urinary bladder

What organs of the ANS have dual innervation?

6

What are unique to the sympathetic/parasympathetic?

stomach, liver, kidney, small intestine, rectum, and bladder

sympathetic=spleen and colon

parasympathetic=large intestine, pancreas, and ureter

albuterol used to treat asthma binds to_____ and causes bronchiole dilation

a.  alpha 2

b.  alpha 1

c.  beta 2

d.  beta 1

What do cholinergic neurons do?

Where?

secrete Ach

a.  parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic fibers

b.  sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers

Alpha-adrenergic receptors are always stimulatory, whereas beta-adrenergic are always inhibitory

t or f

f

usually, but not always

What do adrenergic neurons do?

Where?

release NE

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Lie detector tests depend on stimulation of the sympathetic system

t or f

What are the two cholinergic receptors?

Where?

nicotinic=1.  On all post ganglionic neurons

2.  adrenal medulla

3.  skeletal

excitatory only

muscarinic=glands, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles.  These are parasympathetic

They are excitatory or inhibitory

The parasympathetic division exerts short lived, highly localized control over its effectors

t or f

What are the adrenergic receptors?

What are they responsible for?

alpha-1=release NE or E, usually excitatory

beta-1=regulates heart rate

beta-2=smooth muscle and airways

Usually parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of a target organ oppose each other, but sometimes they have cooperative effects

t or f

sensation=awareness of stimuli

perception=interpretation of meaning of sensation

The parasympathetic division has little or no effect on blood vessels

t or f

How many types of stimulus do sensory receptors respond to?

What are four things that happen here?

one

1.  stimulation of a sensory receptor

2.  transduction of stimulus

3.  generation of nerve impulse or action potential to the CNS

4.  integration of sensory input

One of the major differences between the somatic and visceral motor divisions is the prescence of two neurons in the visceral pathway

t or f

The preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division is gratly shorter than in the parasympathetic division

t or f

What are the two things that cause pain?

What are some examples of analgesics?

glutamate and substance P

aspirin, advil, morphine, and novacaine

Nicotinic receptors are located

1.  sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

2.  parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

3.  adrenal medulla

4.  all of the above

5.  none of the above

Hot and cold receptors are

a.  called Pacinian corpsucles

b.  encapsulated nerve endings

c.  chemoreceptors

d.  free nerve endings

Which is true

a.  vagus nerves contain preganglionic fibers

b.  effects of the sympathetic division are very specific

c.  the parasympathetic division of the ANS cause dry mouth and dilation

d.  adrenergic receptors bind Ach

Which is true

a.  post-ganglionic neurons secrete NE

b.  many pre-ganglionic neurons synapse with one post-ganglionic neurons

c.  pre-ganglionic fibers are long

d.  some pre-ganglia neurons originate in the brain stem

facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

From medulla to:

1.  hypothalamus, and amygdala, salivation, gagging, and vomiting

2.  thalamusand post-central gyrus(gustatory area)

matching

1.  myopia        a.  nearsighted

2.  hyperopia     b.  loss of smell

3.  anosmia     c.  farsighted

4.  tinnitus     d.  ringing in ears

1-a

2-c

3-b

4-d

1.  Olfactory nerve to olfactory bulb to olfactory tract

2.  Leads to temporal lobe

3.  Input to amygdala and hypothalamus

Match

1.  sclera     A.  Blood vessels laden with vascular tunic

2.  cornea     B.  White of eye

3.  choroid     C.  contains pigments and sensory layers

4.  retina     D.  clear expansion of the fibrous tunic

1-B

2-D

3-A

4-C

Matching

1.  blind spot     A.  Region where the optic nerve leaves the retina

2.  fovea centralis     B.  Area of greatest visual acuity

3.  rods     C.  Dim light and peripheral vision

4.  cones     D.  High acuity and color vision   

1-A

2-B

3-C

4-D

Describe the function of the following extrinsic structures of the eye

a.  conjuctiva

b.  lacrimal glands

c.  superior, inferior, medial and lateral rectus muscles and superior and inferior oblique muscles

i.  Which cranial nerves nerves innervate these muscles

a.  membrane that lines the orbit and connects the sclera.  It envelops the eye, not allowing things to get around it

b.  lateral superior border responsible for tears

c.  oculomotor innervates the superior, inferior, medial rectus, and inferior oblique(111)

trochlear innervates the superior oblique(1V)

abducens innervates the lateral rectus(V1)

Matching

A.  vision     1.  photorecptors

B.  hearing    2.  chemoreceptors

C.  taste     3.  mechanoceptors

1-A

2-C

3-B

Describe the function of the following intrinsic structures of the eye

a.  sclera

b.  cornea

c.  choroid layer

d.  retina

i.  rod

ii.  cones

e.  ciliary body

i.  How does it control lens shape?

f.  iris

i.  Control and function of radial and circular muscles

a.  white of the eye

b.  clear part of eye that bends light rays

c.  highly vascular middle layer.  There is a lot of melanin here

d.  neural tissue( innermost neural layer)

i.  night vision

ii.  color vision/daylight

e.  An extension of the choroid.  When muscles contract lens shape is spherical and when they relax lens shape is flat

f.  colored part of the eye

radial=sympathetic/dilation

circular=parasympathetic/constrict

The receptors for taste and smell are classified as

a.  thermoreceptors

b.  mechanoreceptors

c.  chemoreceptors

d.  proprioceptors

Why is the optic disc called the blind spot?

Arrange the tunics in their correct sequence

a.  choroid, sclera, retina

b.  choroid, retina, sclera

c.  retina, choroid, sclera

d.  retina, sclera, choroid

e. sclera, choroid, retina 

cataracts=UV light or autoimmune

glacoma=too much pressure on cavities, decreased blood flow, retinal cells die

The blind spot on the retina is

a.  a dense collection of rod cells

b.  the same as the macula lutea

c.  where the optic nerve leaves the eye

d.  the area of greatest visual acuity

Describe accomadation

a.  What happens to eyes during accomadation?

b.  What is presbyopia? 

a.  eyes converge and pupils constrict

b.  Innability to accomodate due to aging 

Pink eye is due to an inflammation of the

a.  lacrimal gland

b.  conjuctiva

c.  tarsal glands

d.  cornea

Our eyes are best adapted for

a.  color vision

b.  close vision

c.  vision in bright sunlight

d.  distant vision

Retinitis pigmentosa is a disease of the

a.  rods

b.  cones

c.  lens

d.  ciliary muscles

"The bleaching of pigment refers to

a.  reaking down the retinal-opsin combinations that form the rhodopsin found in rods and cones

b.  presence of different types of opsin found in cones

c.  oxidation of vitamin-A

d.  regeneration of cones at the end of the day

All of the following adaptations take place when one moves into a well lit room except

a.  rhodopsin accumulates

b.  the retina becomes less sensitive

c.  cones stop functioning

d.  initially the rods are turned off

The rods of the retina operate in bright light and provide high acuity vision

true or false

Ach is secreted by:

a.  sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers

b. sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers

c.  parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers

d.  parasympathetic post-ganglionic fibers

e.  only b, c, and d

Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are located in the:

a.  spinal cord

b.  sympathetic ganglionic chain

c.  pre-vertebral ganglia

d.  brain

Describe the significance of cones synapsing1:1 with bipolar cells

Pre-ganglionic fibers synapse on pre-vertrabral ganglia

a.  sympathetic division only

b.  parasympathetic division only

c.  both a and b

d.  neither a nor b

Matching

1.  semicircular canals     a.  evaluates rotational motion

2.  vestibule     b.  spiral organ of corti

3.  cochlea     c.  responds to gravity and movements of the head

1-A

2-C

3-B

Post-ganglionic fibers are long

a.  sympathetic division only

b.  parasympathetic division only

c.  both a and b

d.  neither a nor b

The organ of Corti is found in the

a.  middle ear

b.  saccule

c.  utricle

d.  cochlea

e.  semicircular canal 

1.  sound waves enter the auditory canal

2.  tympanic membrane vibrates

3.  ossicles vibrate

4.  vibration of oval window

5.  deformation of basilar membrane

6.  receptor potential created from stretch-gated K+ ion channels

7.  AP in cochlear nerve(cranial nerve VIII)

8.  perception of sound in the temporal lobe

Otoliths are

a.  a cause of deafness

b.  a type of hearing aid

c.  important in equilibrium

d.  the temporal petrous bones

Equilibrium receptors that report the position of the head in space relative to the pull of gravity are

a.  spiral

b.  semicircular canals

c.  the saccule

d.  proprioceptors

e.  all of the above

Which is important in maintaing equilibrium?

a.  visual cues

b.  semicircular canals

c.  the saccule

d.  proprioceptors

e.  all of these

This structure allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with atmospheric pressure

a.  pinna

b.  eustacian tube

c.  tympanic membrane

d.  oval window

Which statement is incorrect about the spiral organ of corti?

a.  sounds of high frequency stimulate hair cells at the basal end

b.  the hairs of the receptor cells are embedded in the tectorial membrane

c.  the basilar membrane acts as a resonator

d.  the outer hair cells are largely responsible for perception of sound

tensor tympani=tenses the tympanic membrane

stapedius-limits movement in the oval window

Conduction of sound from the middle ear to the internal ear occurs via vibration of the

a.  malleus against the tympanic membrane

b.  stapes in the oval window

c.  incus in the round window

d.  stapes against the tympanic membrane

equilibrium

vestibule=utricule and saccule, equilibrium

cochlea=receptors for hearing

semicircular canals=equilibrium

What type of receptor is stimulated by deep pressure

a.  unencapsulated

b.  free nerve endings

c.  pacinian corpuscle

d.  tactile(Merkel)disc

equilizes air pressure

malleus=connected to the tympanic membrane

incus=attached to the stapes

stapes=fluid filled chamber

The pain associated with a pin prick would be classified as

a.  slow pain

b.  visceral pain

c.  fast pain

d.  referred pain

auricle= catches sound waves

auditory canal=lined with hairs loil and wax secreting glands

Receptors for olfaction and gustation are

a.  mechanoreceptors

b.  chemoreceptors

c.  photoreceptors

d.  nocioceptors

cholinergic receptors are located on

a.  the adrenal medulla

b.  parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

c.  sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

d.  all of the above

e.  only a and c

night blindness= lack of rods, you become more night blind as you age

color blindness= lack of blue, green or red cones

Pre-ganglionic fibers secrete NE

a.  sympathetic division only

b.  parasympathetic division only

c.  both a and b

d.  neither a nor b

light= dark to light, pupils constrict and rods take over

dark= light to dark, pupils dilate

craniosacral division

a.  sympathetic division

b.  parasympathetic division

c.  both a and b

d.  neither a nor b